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I^T^Nl 


THE   SUFFIXES  /f^WAND  VANT 
IN  SANSKRIT  AND  AVESTAN 


BY 

HAROLD   H.  BENDER,  PH.  D. 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 
1910 


CONTENTS, 


Stack 
Annex 

5 

033 


PAGE 

SANSKRIT  GRAMMAR  REFERENCES, vii 

AVESTAN  GRAMMAR  REFERENCES, viii 

INTRODUCTION, 1-2 


PART  I. 

THE  SUFFIXES  MANT  AND  VANT  IN  SANSKRIT. 
CHAPTER  I. 

THEIR  PHONETIC  CORRELATION. 

SECTION  PAGE 

1.  Relative  frequency  of  mant  and  vant,  - 

2.  Parts  of  speech  to  which  the  suffixes  are  added,          ...  3_6 

3.  Table  of  stem-finals,          -  6-7 

4.  The  suffixes  in  Indo-European, 7-9 

5.  Distinction  between  the  suffixes  in  Sanskrit,       -  9 

6.  Panini's  rules,                                                 9-10 

7.  Benfey's  rules,                                      10-11 

8.  Sanskrit  rules  for  use  of  the  suffixes,           -  11 

9.  Observance  thruout  the  literature  of  rules  for  stems  with  final 

vowels,                                                                         -        -        -  H-23 

10.  Observance  in  the  Veda, 24 

11.  Observance  in  Rig-Veda, 24-26 

12.  Observance  in  Atharva- Veda,     -                                           -        -  26-28 

13.  The  case  of  -ovant,     -----  28 

14.  Observance  thruout  the  literature  of  rules  for  consonantal  stems,  29-31 

15.  Observance  in  Rig- Veda,    -                                                               -  31-33 

16.  Observance  in  Atharva- Veda, 33-34 

17.  Historical  survey  and  comparisons,    -                           ...  34-36 

18.  Causes  of  interchange  between  the  suffixes,         -  36-40 

19.  Forms  in  the  Veda  with  both  suffixes,                          -        -        -  40-42 

20.  Other  double  forms,  42 

21.  Final  sands, 42-43 

iii 


2005042 


IV  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  II. 


SUCTION  PAGE 

1-2.  Internal  combination,         .--.....  43 

3.  External  combination,        ----....  43-45 

4.  Diastole  of  final  stem-vowel,       .......  45-52 

5.  Systole  of  final  stem-vowel,         -        -        .....  52-53 

6.  Loss  of  final  vowel,    ---------  54 

7.  Loss  of  final  consonant,      -----...  54-56 

8.  Change  in  quality  of  final  vowel,         -.-...  56-57 

9.  Insertion  of  letter  between  stem  and  suffix,          -        ...  57-58 
10.  Miscellaneous,            ...        .....        .  59 


CHAPTER  III. 

MEANING. 

SECTION  PAGE 

Introduction,      ---------.  59-60 

1.  Primary  signification, 60-61 

2.  Formation  of  present  active  participles,      -----  61-62 

3.  '  Containing  the  root  or  word  ' ,           ----__  62-63 

4.  No  change  in  meaning,       --------  63 

5.  Formation  of  past  passive  participles,          -        ....  63-64 

6.  Formation  of  past  active  participles,           -        -        ...  64-65 

7.  Suffixes  used  actively  instead  of  passively,          -        ...  65-66 

8.  Suffixes  express  relation,    --------  66-67 

9.  Suffixes  express  accompaniment,         ----..  67 

10.  Meliorative  or  majorative  use,    -------  67-68 

11.  Suffixes  mean  '  surrounded  by ', 68 

12.  Use  as  noun-suffix  of  agency,      -------  68 

13.  Suffixes  mean 'consisting  of ',    -------  68-69 

14.  Suffixes  have  causative  value,     -----..  69 

15.  Suffixes  express  contiguity,         ----...  gg 

16.  Suffixes  express  resemblance, 69-71 

17.  Suffixes  equivalent  to  English  suffix  -able,           -  71-72 

18.  Suffixes  mean  '  engaged  in',-        -        -        -        -        -        .  72 

19.  Pejorative  use,           ----.-...  72 

20.  Miscellaneous,            - 72-74 

21.  Conclusion, 74-76 


CONTENTS.  V 

PART  II. 

THE  SUFFIXES  MANT  AND  VANT  IN  AVESTAN. 

CHAPTER  I. 

THEIR  PHONETIC  CORRELATION. 

SBCTIOM  PAGK 

1.  Relative  frequency  of  mant  and  vant,          .....  77 

2.  Parts  of  speech  to  which  the  suffixes  are  added,          -        -        -  77-80 

3.  Rules  for  use  of  the  suffixes, 80 

4.  Observance  of  rules  for  stems  with  final  yowels,          ...  80-83 

5.  Observance  of  rules  for  consonantal  stems,          ....  83-85 
6-7.   Comparison  of  Avestan  with  Sanskrit  observance  of  the  rules,    -  85-88 

CHAPTER  II. 

SAATOHI. 

SECTION  PAGE 

1.  Diastole  of  final  stem- vowel,      -------  88 

2.  Systole  of  final  stem-vowel, 88-89 

3.  Loss  of  final  vowel, 89-90 

4.  Loss  of  final  consonant,     --------  90 

5.  Change  in  quality  of  final  vowel, 90-91 

6.  Insertion  of  letter  between  stem  and  suffix,        -        ...  91 

7.  Contraction, 92 

8.  Metathesis, 92-93 

9.  Miscellaneous,  93 

CHAPTER  III. 

MEAKING. 

SECTJOX  PAGE 

Introduction, 93 

1.  Primary  signification, 93-95 

2.  Formation  of  present  active  participles,      -----  95 

3.  'Containing  the  root  or  word',           ------  95-96 

4.  No  change  in  meaning,       -----.,..  95 

5.  Formation  of  past  passive  participles,          -----  QQ 


Vi  CONTENTS. 

SECTION  PACK 

6.  Formation  of  past  active  participles, 

7.  Suffixes  used  actively  instead  of  passively,         -        ...  97 

8.  Suffixes  express  relation,  97 

9.  Suffixes  express  accompaniment,         -         - 

10.  Meliorative  or  majorative  use, 97 

11.  Suffixes  mean  '  surrounded  by ', 97-98 

12.  Use  as  noun-suffix  of  agency, -  98 

13.  Suffixes  mean  '  consisting  of ',     -------  98 

14.  Suffixes  have  causative  value,     -------  98 

15.  Suffixes  express  contiguity,         -------  98 

16.  Suffixes  express  resemblance, 98-99 

17.  Suffixes  equivalent  to  English  suffix  -able,  -        ...  99 

18.  Suffixes  mean 'engaged  in', 99 

19.  Pejorative  use,  99 

20.  Miscellaneous, 99-100 

21.  Conclusion, 100-101 

INDEXES, 103-116 


SANSKRIT  GRAMMAR   REFERENCES. 


Panini, 

I.    1:54; 

iv.    2:72,  85-88; 

V.    2:94-101,  109,  115-118; 
VI.    1  :  219-221 ; 

3:119,  120,  131  ; 
vm.    2  :  7,  9-17. 
Benfey,  Grammatik  der  Sanskrit-Sprache,  pp.  170,  239,  243  and 

§§  464,  465,  562-565. 
Monier- Williams,    Sanskrit    Grammar   (3rd   edition),    §§45  a., 

69  a.,  84  (iv  and  v),  140. 
Stenzler,  Elementarbuch  der  Sanskrit-Spraehe  (3rd  ed.),  Grammatik, 

§§  80,  215. 

Biihler,  Leitfadenfiir  den  JElementarcursus  des  Sanskrit,  pp.  43,  68. 
Whitney,  Sanskrit  Grammar  (3rd  edition),  §§  111  d.,  247,  452- 

458,  494,  517,  959,  960,  1107,  1233,  1235,  1307  b. 
Thumb,  Handbuch  der  Sanskrit— Grammatik,  §§  327,  328,  329, 

402,  618. 

Wackernagel,  Altindische  Grammatik,  Vol.  II,  §  53b. 
Brugmann,  Grundriss,  (2nd  edition),  n,  1,  §§  351-357. 


vn 


AVESTAN   GRAMMAR   REFERENCES. 


Justi,  Handbuch  der  Zendsprache,  Grammatik,  §§  372,  384,  576- 

578. 
Hovelacque,   Grammaire  de  la  Langue  Zende,  pp.  77-81,  112 

(2.  6d.  §§  153,  158). 

Harlez,  Manud  de  la  Langue  de  V  Avesta  (2.  e-d.),  §§  74,  75,  97. 
Geiger,  Handbuch  der  Awestasprache,  Grammatik,  §§  63,  70,  106. 
Spiegel,  Vergleichende  Grammatik  der  altiranischen  Sprachen, 

§  92,  Suffix  No.  84 ;  §  93,  Suffix  Nos.  47,  57  ;  §§  132,  164. 
Kanga,  A  practical  Grammar  of  the  Avesta  Language,  §§  70,  71, 

132,  135,  138. 
Jackson,  Avesta  Grammar,  §§  291,  294,  295,    296,  297,  376, 

433,  441,  442,  759,  821,  826,  851,  857. 
Bartholomae,  Handbuch  der  altiranischen  Dialekte,  §§  198,  199, 

272. 


Vlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


One  of  the  most  interesting  correlations  in  Indo-Iranian  Gram- 
mar is  that  of  the  twin  suffixes  mant  and  vant.  A  detailed  study 
of  them,  however,  has  not  heretofore  been  made.  Panini's 
treatment  is  obviously  artificial  and  mechanical,  as  is  that  of 
Benfey,  who  follows  him  in  method  and  in  most  of  his  results. 
Most  of  the  other  Sanskrit  grammarians,  such  as  Monier- Williams, 
Biihler,  Stenzler,  are  content  with  the  statement  of  rules  for 
declension.  Thumb  devotes  more  space  to  the  suffixes,  but  adds 
little  to  our  knowledge  of  them.  Lanman  (JAOS.  x,  515  ff.)  and 
Bartholomae  (KZ.  xxix,  490  ff.)  treat  in  detail  the  suffixes  for 
the  Rig- Veda  and  for  Indo-Iranian,  respectively,  but  their  dis- 
cussion is  largely  restricted  to  inflexion.  The  paragraphs  on  mant 
and  vant  in  Lindner's  Altindische  Nominalbildung  (pp.  136  and 
146)  give  little  beside  lists  of  examples.  Whitney's  treatment 
is  a  general  one  and  disproportionately  based  upon  the  older 
language.  Wackernagel's  scholarly  work  has  not  yet  reached 
the  suffixes.1 

In  Avestan  the  situation  is  almost  equally  unsatisfactory. 
Bartholomae's  discussions  in  his  Handbuch  der  altiranischen 
Dialekte  and  in  the  Grundriss  der  iranischen  Philologie  are  very 
brief.  The  grammars  of  Harlez  and  Geiger  have  practically 
nothing  on  mant  and  vant,  while  those  of  Hovelacque  and  Kanga 
consider  only  the  declension  of  the  suffixes.  Justi  gives  a  good 
list  of  examples  but  no  discussion.  Spiegel  and  Jackson  treat 
the  suffixes  in  a  more  satisfactory  manner,  but  not  in  much 
detail. 

Hence  an  effort  has  been  made  in  the  following  pages  to  reach, 

JMy  study  of  mant  and  vant  was  practically  completed  when  Wackernagel's 
article  appeared  in  KZ.  XLIII,  277.  Consequently  I  have  not  in  the  body  of  my 
work  given  it  the  consideration  it  deserves.  I  have,  however,  treated  many  of  its 
essential  points  in  foot-notes  and  have  made  frequent  references  to  his  views  in 
regard  to  individual  words. 

1 


2  INTRODUCTION. 

from  a  study  of  all  the  material  available,  more  definite  and 
detailed  conclusions  in  regard  to  the  role  these  suffixes  play  in 
Sanskrit  and  Avestan  than  have  been  reached  heretofore. 

The  list  of  possessives  in  mant  and  vant  upon  which  this  study 
has  been  based  was  collected,  for  the  Sanskrit,  from  Monier- 
Williams'  Dictionary  (second  edition,  1899),  but  a  number  of 
words  has  been  added  from  other  sources.  For  the  Avestan, 
Bartholomae's  Altiranisches  Worterbuch  was  of  course  used  for 
the  collection  of  material. 


PART  I. 

THE  SUFFIXES  MANT  AND   VANT  IN  SANSKRIT. 


CHAPTER   I. 
THEIR   PHONETIC   CORRELATION. 

§  1.  Of  the  2200  words  with  mant  and  vant  suffixes  that 
have  been  collected  for  the  purpose  of  this  study,  1748  have  vant 
and  452  have  mant.  Whitney  says  (Grammar,  §  1235)  that  in 
the  older  language  there  are  only  about  one-third  as  many  mant 
suffixes  as  there  are  vant.  In  the  Rig- Veda  this  ratio  holds 
almost  exactly  (74  :  221),  but  in  the  Atharva-Veda  there  are 
almost  four  times  as  many  words  which  take  vant  as  there  are 
which  take  mant  (32  : 122)  and,  indeed,  as  the  figures  above 
show,  in  all  periods  of  the  language  taken  together  the  mant 
suffixes  are  only  about  one-fourth  as  numerous  as  the  vant 
suffixes.  Or,  in  other  words,  of  all  the  words  with  mant  or  vant 
suffixes  four-fifths  end  in  vant  and  only  one-fifth  in  mant. 

§  2.  a.  Most  possessives  in  mant  and  vant  are  formed  from 
nouns,  which  may  be  of  any  declension  whatsoever. 

b.  But  a  large  number  are  formed  by  adding  vant  to  the  past 
passive  participle.     This  suffix  is  so  used,  however,  only  to  form 
new  participles,  viz.,  present  active,  past  active,  and  past  passive 
participles.     In   the  last  case  there  is  of  course  no  change  in 
meaning.     This  function  of  vant  is  further  restricted  to  the  later 
language,  there  being  only  one  example  in  Rig- Veda,  and  one  in 
Atharva-Veda  of  the  use  of  the  possessive  suffix  with  a  past 
participle  (cf.  Chap,  in,  §§  2,  4,  5,  6,  12). 

c.  There  are  a  number  of  possessives  which  are  derived  directly 
from  adjectives.     Of  course,  in  some  of  these  cases,  nouns  may 
once  have  existed  from  which  the  possessives  were  formed,  but 

3 


4  THE   SUFFIXES    MAXT  AND    VANT  IX   SANSKRIT. 

which  have  since  been  lost.  Thus  paravant,  '  dependent,'  may 
have  been  derived  from  a  noun  para,  'a  superior,'  instead  of  from 
the  adjective  para,  '  superior.'  A  lost  abstract  noun  posyd  may 
have  been  the  base  of  posydi-ant,  '  causing  prosperity,'  instead  of 
the  adjective  p6sya,  '  prosperous.' 

In  most  instances  the  word  belongs  to  Chapter  in,  §  4  where 
the  suffix  causes  no  change  of  meaning  when  added  to  a  stem. 

Following  are  examples  : 

paravant,  '  dependent,'  <  para,  '  superior.' 

aparavant,  'having  no  superior,'  <  apara.1 

dgumdnt,   f  swift,'  <  «c ft,  id. 

kridumant,  '  playing/  <  kr'idu,  id. 

nyubjimant,  '  bent,'  '  crooked,'  <  nyubja,  id. 

dhunimant,  '  roaring,'  <  dhuni,  id. 

posyavant,  'causing  prosperity,'  <  posya,  'prosperous.' 

pramattavant,  '  careless/  <  pramatta,  id. 

apramattavant,  '  not  careless/  <  apramatta,  id. 

abaddhavant,  '  unmeaning/  <  abaddha,  id. 

uttardvant,  '  being  above/  <  uttara,  '  higher.' 

ksdmavant,  '  burned/  '  charred,'  <  ksarnd,  '  burning/  '  burned.' 

ubhayavant,  '  having  both/  <  ubhdya,  '  both.' 

rtviyavant,  '  having  menstrual  courses/  <  rtviya,  '  being  in 
proper  time/  '  regular.' 

vibhumdnt,  '  mighty  '  or  '  omnipresent/  <  vibhu,  id. 

susumdnt,  '  very  stimulating/  <  sust,  id.  (cf.  Chap,  n,  §  5 
and  note). 

vUthavant,  '  beaming/  f  shining/  <  vibha,  id. 

divitmant,  derived  by  Mouier- Williams  from  an  adjective  divit, 
which  he  quotes  for  K-V.  x,  76,  6  and  translates  '  going  to  the 
sky.'  But  Grassmann  makes  divit  a  masculine  noun  in  that 
passage  and  renders  it  '  Glanz.'  From  this  noun  he  derives 
divitmant  (cf.  Aufrecht,  KZ.  n,  149  and  Grassmann,  KZ.  xi,  9). 

nilavant,  '  blackish/  '  dark/  <  nila,  '  of  a  dark  color.' 

1  On  this  word  and  the  preceding  one  cf.  note  to  Chap,  in,  §  16. 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  5 

isdvant,  '  vigorous/  <  (according  to  some)  isd  (cf.  Chap,  n, 
§  9'a.). 

mdhindvant,  l  great/  '  powerful/  or  (according  to  some)  '  exhila- 
rated/ '  excited/  <  mahina,  '  great/  or  '  glad.' 

viqvddevydvant,  <  vigvddevya. 

bhangurdvant,  '  treacherous/  <  bhangurd,  i<J. 

gubfar&vamt,  '  shining/  '  lovely/  <  qubhrd,  id. 

sahdvant,  '  powerful/  <  sahd,  id. 

In  the  list  of  possessives  formed  from  adjectives  should  be 
included  the  rather  large  class  in  which  the  possessive  suffixes  are 
pleonastically  added  to  bahuvrlhi  compounds  (cf.  Whitney,  Gram- 
mar, §  1307b.,  and  Wackernagel,  Gh-ammatik,  Vol.  ir,  §  53b.). 
The  logical  origin  of  such  a  formation  was  in  the  effort  to  make 
more  marked  the  distinction  between  karmadhdraya  and  bahuvrihi 
compounds. 

A  few  examples  are  : 

cirdyusmant,  '  long-lived/  <  cirdyus,  id. 

tddrgrupavant,  '  having  such  shape  or  beauty/  <  tddrgrupa,  id. 
amrtabuddhimant,  '  having  an  undying  mind/  <  amrtabuddhi, 
id. 

aplavavant,  '  having  no  ship/  <  dplava,  id. 
anddimant,  '  having  no  beginning/  <  anddi,  id. 
suksmamatimant,  '  acute-minded/  <  suksmamati,  id. 

d.  Possessives  are  formed  in  a  few  instances  from  particles  or 
adverbs  by  the  use  of'  the  suffixes,  especially  of  vant.  Whitney 
gives  only  the  first  two  of  the  following  examples. 

antdrmnt,  '  having  within/  5.  e.  '  pregnant.' 
visuvdnt,  '  having  on  both  sides/  i.  e.  '  being  in  the  middle/ 
<  visu,  ind.,  '  on  both  sides.' 

Mmvant  (Qatapatha-Brahmana),  '  blissful/  <  kam,  ind.,  <  well.' 
The  native  lexicographers  give  also  the  meaning  '  bliss '  to  kam, 
but  probably  thru  the  influence  of  kdmvant. 

kimvant,  'having  what?',  <  kirn,  ind.,  'what?'. 

qdmvant,  '  auspicious/  <  (jam,  ind.,  '  well.' 


6  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

ihavant,  nt.,  name  of  several  Simians,  <  iha,  hid.,  '  here/  '  in 
this  world.' 

prdvant,  '  directed  forwards/  <  prd,  ind.,  f  forth.' 
For  astimant  <  asti,  ind.,  see  Chap,  m,  §  1,  note. 

e.  Theoretically,  at  least,  the  suffixes  may  be  added  to  any 
part  of  speech  in -the  meaning  ' containing  the  word'  (cf.  Chap, 
ill,  §  3).  In  such  connection,  however,  the  word  to  which  the 
suffix  is  added  is  unhesitating  felt  as  a  noun,  pure  and  simple. 

Some  examples  are : 

adhvardvant,  ( containing  the  word  adhvard.' 
mddhumant,  '  containing  the  word  mddhu.' 
apinavant,  '  containing  a  form  of  a-pydi.' 
etivant,  '  containing  a  form  of  the  j/  i  (eti).' 
prativant,  '  containing  the  word  prati.' 
vivant,  '  containing  the  word  vi.' 
lumant,  '  containing  the  syllable  lu.' 
bhidvant,  '  containing  the  j/  bhid.' 

f.  Finally  there  are  some  nine  pronominal  stems  to  which  vant 
is  added  to  express  resemblance.  (For  discussion  and  examples 
cf.  Chap,  in,  §  16.) 

§  3.  Final  sounds  followed  by  mant  or  vant  with  the  frequency 
of  their  occurrence. 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT   AND     VANT   IN    SANSKRIT. 


Final  Sound 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

1214 

19 

2.     a 

258 

5 

3.     * 

42 

241 

4.     i 

47 

21 

5.     u 

10 

84 

6.     u 

2 

10 

7.     r 

2 

16 

8.     e 

1 

0 

9.     o 

9 

4 

10.     m 

4 

0 

11.     A 

4 

2 

12.     g 

4 

2 

13.     n 

0 

3 

14.     d 

3 

0 

15.     n 

9 

1 

16.     / 

14 

6 

17.     d 

27 

3 

18.     n 

23 

4 

19.     6 

1 

0 

20.     bh 

1 

0 

21.     m 

0 

1 

22.     r 

10 

0 

23.     ? 

2 

0 

24.     0 

3 

28 

25.     0 

57 

2 

26.     ft' 

1 

0 

Totals                        1748 

452 

§  4.  The  suffixes  mant  and  vant  are  an  inheritance  of 
Sanskrit  from  Indo-Iranian,  and,  probably,  thru  it,  from  Indo- 
European.  Only  vant,  however,  offers  clear  and  undisputed 
evidence  of  its  Indo-European  existence.  In  Greek  it  is  pre- 
served in  the  poetic  suffix  denoting  'fulness/  whose  nominative 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT   AND    VAST   IN    SANSKRIT. 

forms  are  «<?,  ea-aa,  ev.  The  suffix-stem  pevr  (Indo-European 
-ue,n()  is  seen,  for  example,  in  the  genitive  singular  xaptevro? 
(<  *^a/3t-/r«n--09)  of  xapieis  (for  *%api-fevT-<;},  '  graceful/ 
<  %a/)i-9,  'grace.'  The  Latin  equivalent  of  the  suffix  (-osus) 
has  the  same  meaning,  e.  g.  gratiosus  (cf.  Brugmann,  Grundriss, 
second  edition,  n,  1,  §§  351-358,  pp.  461-466  ;  Bartholomae, 
Kuhns  Zeitschrift,  xxix,  490-544,  and  Grundriss  der  iranischen 
Philologw,  i,  1,  §§  181,  212,  pp.  97,  115;  Leo  Meyer,  Ver- 
gleichende  Grammatik  der  griech.  u.  latein.  Sprache,  II,  pp.  602- 
610). 

It  is,  however,  Professor  Bloomfield's  opinion  (as  yet  unpub- 
lished) that  the  suffix  mant  is  retained  in  Greek ;  e.  g.  in  ovo- 
/Aar-09.  He  further  considers  very  improbable  the  usual  deriva- 
tion of  Latin  regimentum  from  regimen.  He  thinks  that  the 
Indo-European  suffix  -ment  is  to  be  seen  in  regi-ment-um,  and 
that  the  suffix  in  that  word  bears  the  same  relation  to  the  suffix 
-men  in  regi-men  that  Sanskrit  mant  bears  to  the  suffix  man.  He 
assumes,  furthermore,  that  the  Greek  inflexion  ovopa  (ovopaivto), 
ovofjiaros  is  a  blend  (suppletive)  inflection  of  -men  and  -ment  stems, 
and  that  ovo-fiara  —  regi-menta. 

The  correlation  of  mant  and  vant  existed  in  Indo-Iranian 
according  to  the  joint  testimony  of  Sanskrit  and  Avestan.  If  the 
above  theory  is  correct  it  existed  also  in  Indo-European.  In  an 
article  entitled  "  The  Correlation  of  v  and  m  in  Vedic  and  later 
Sanskrit,"  (PA OS.  May,  1886)  Prof.  Bloomfield  suggested  that, 
in  addition  to  the  indication  of  the  Sanskrit  suffix-twins  mant 
and  vant,  man  and  van,  min  and  vin  and  of  these  suffixes  in  other 
branches  of  the  family,  there  is  other  evidence  of  the  correlation 
of  v  and  m  in  Indo-European.  In  this  connection  he  cites  the 
endings  of  the  first  persons  dual  and  plural,  mas  vas,  ma  va,  and 
so  on.  He  notices  also,  e.  g.  the  relation  of  Latin  octdvus,  Greek 
0780/705,  Sanskrit  astama,  Avestan  astytna,  Lithuanian  aszinas.1 
See  also  Wackernagel  (KZ.}  XLIII,  281-2). 

1  "  The  interchange  between  m  and  v  which  runs  as  a  red  thread  through  the 
entire  history  of  the  Hindu  dialects  is  illustrated  [in  the  Vedic  Concordance]  by 
about  fifty  variants  beginning  in  the  Samhitas  themselves." — Bloomfield,  JAOS. 
xxix,  290. 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAST  IN    SANSKRIT.  9 

Gaedicke's  suggestion  (Der  Akkusativ  im  Veda,  p.  270)  that 
the  suffix  vant  may  have  originally  been  the  present  participle 
of  j/at',  '  gern  haben,  hegen,  geuiessen,'  and  mant  the  present 
participle  of  j/am,  '  entsarnmeln/  has  found  neither  justification 
nor  support. 

§  5.  These  twin  suffixes  are  in  Sanskrit  practically  identical 
in  meaning  and  almost  identical  in  form,  and  the  distinction 
between  them  may  have  originally  been  a  purely  phonetic  one. 
Language,  like  Nature,  discards  the  useless,  and  both  suffixes 
could  not  have  survived  had  they  been  as  identical  in  their 
phonetic  functions  as  they  were  in  meaning.  And  in  fact,  even 
to  the  latest  Sanskrit  times  certain  phonetic  distinctions  between 
the  two  suffixes  were  observed  with  a  marked  degree  of  fixity. 
For  example,  with  but  very  few  exceptions,  vant  is  used  with  a 
word  ending  in  a  or  a  (1472  times  out  of  1496,  or  nearly 
98.5^).  In  early  times  the  distinction  of  usage  between  mant 
and  vcint  was  probably  sharply  drawn,  but  with  lapse  of  time  and 
by  reason  of  similarity  of  form  and  identity  of  meaning  confusion 
between  them  ensued  until  in  many  instances  they  were  used 
interchangeably. 

The  most  striking  question  presented  by  the  study  of  mant  and 
vant  is  that  of  choice  between  the  two  suffixes,  i.  e.  when  one 
was  used  and  when  the  other.  Several  attempts  to  answer  this 
question  have  been  made  but  none  has  proved  satisfactory. 

§  6.  Panini  (vm,  2:  9-15  inc.)  starts  with  mant  as  the  original 
suffix  and  says  that  v  is  substituted  for  m  in  the  suffix  mant : 
when  the  stem  ends  in  m  or  in  a  or  a,  or  when  these  sounds  are 
in  the  penultimate  *  position  ;  likewise  when  the  stem  ends  in  a 
mute ;  and  when  the  resultant  word  is  a  proper  name ;  and  in  a 
number  of  exceptions.  He  adds  that  in  the  Veda  v  is  substituted 
for  m  in  the  suffix  mant  when  the  stem  ends  in  i  or  z. 

As  will  be  seen  in  the  next  paragraph,  Benfey  follows  to  a 
large  extent  the  above  rules  of  Paniui.  The  discussion  of 

1  Here  and  in  the  following  pages  the  word  penultimate  must  be  understood  as 
referring  to  letters  and  not  to  syllables.  Thus,  penultimate  vowel  will  mean  the 
Towel  which  immediately  precedes  the  final  consonant  of  a  word  and  will  not 
mean  the  vowel  of  the  penultimate  syllable  or  penult. 


10  THE   SUFFIXES    J/.4.VJ  AND     VANT  IX    SANSKRIT. 

Benfey's  rules,  which  immediately  follows  them,  will,  therefore, 
apply,  to  a  considerable  degree,  also  to  the  rules  of  the  Hindu 
grammarian. 

§  7.  Benfey  (Grammatik,  p.  239)  says  that  v  replaces  m  of  the 
suffix  mant : 

1.  After  stems  which  end  in  (a)  a  or  a,  or  (6)  in  consonants 
(except  n,  n,  semi-vowels   and  original  s),  and  (c)    after  stems 
whose  penultimate  letter  is  a,  a  or  m,  even  when  they  end  in  n, 
n,  semi-vowels  or  original  *. 

2.  In   words  which  in  place    of  their    etymological  meaning 
assume  "  eine  individuelle  Bedeutung." 

3.  In  the  Veda  after  stems  ending  in  ?',  i  or  r. 

A  simple  investigation  of  the  examples  will  disprove  Rule  2 
as  well  as  the  one  for  final  r  in  3.  Only  two  examples  for  r  may 
be  found  in  RV.  or  AV. 

Benfey's  rule  in  regard  to  consonantal  stems  may  be  expressed 
as  follows :  A  stem  ending  in  a  consonant  takes  vant  when  the 
consonant  is  preceded  by  a  or  a  (Rule  (c)).  When  the  consonant 
is  preceded  by  any  other  vowel  than  «  or  a  the  stem  also  takes 
vant  except  when  that  consonant  is  n,  n,  a  semi-vowel  or  original 
s  (Rule  (6)). 

Rule  (6),  as  it  stands,  applies  only  to  words  whose  stems  end 
in  a  consonant  other  than  n,  n,  semi- vowels  and  original  s,  and, 
properly,  only  to  those  whose  final  consonant  is  preceded  by  some 
letter  other  than  «,  a  or  m.  But  nearly  60  ^  of  the  possessives 
whose  stems  end  in  a  consonant  are  thrown  out  by  the  exclusion 
of  those  ending  in  n,  n,  or  original  s.  Thus  the  Rule  (6)  has 
less  application  than  its  exception.  Further,  over  Q0fo  of  the 
possessives  whose  stems  end  in  a  consonant  have  a  or  a  as  the 
penultimate  letter,  and  are  provided  for  by  Rule  (c),  so  that  (6) 
cannot  be  said  to  apply  to  them.  Now  then,  combining  the  words 
covered  by  (c)  as  applied  to  possessives  from  consonantal  stems 
and  those  covered  by  the  exceptions  to  (6)  we  find  that  these 
embrace  nearly  S0fc  of  all  possessives  whose  stems  end  in  a 
consonant,  leaving  only  20  fi>  to  which  Rule  (6)  could  possibly  be 
of  application.  Furthermore  40  ft  of  this  remainder  violate  Rule 
(6)  and  take  mant.  The  60  fc  that  take  vant  do  so  not  because 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT   AND     VANT   IN    SANSKRIT. 


11 


their  stems  end  in  a  consonant,  but  because  their  penultimate 
vowel  is  a  or  a. 

Finally,  an  examination  of  the  table  in  §  3  will  clearly 
demonstrate  that  final  consonants  are  no  factor  whatever  in  the 
determination  of  choice  between  the  two  suffixes. 

§  8.  Investigation  will  clearly  show  one  rule  in  operation 
thruout  Sanskrit  and  Avestan  literature  as  well  as  in  Indo- 
Iranian,  viz. : 

The  choice  between  mant  and  vant  depended  upon  the  final 
vowel  of  the  preceding  vowel  stem  or  the  penultimate  vowel  of 
the  preceding  consonantal  stem. 

This  rule  manifests  itself  thruout  the  entire  body  of  Sanskrit 
literature  as  follows  : 

1.  After  a  word  ending  in  a,  a  or  I,  or  in  a  consonant  preceded 
by  a,  a  or  I,  vant  was  used. 

2.  After  a  word  ending  in  a  vowel  other  than  a,  a  or  i,  or  in 
a  consonant  preceded  by  a  vowel  other  than  a,  a  or  i,  mant  was 
used. 

First  the  usage  with  final  vowels  will  be  investigated  and  then 
that  with  penultimate  vowels.  Comparisons  will  be  made  with 
the  Rig-  and  Atharva-Vedas. 

§  9.  The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  mant  and 
vant  among  1985  words  which  end  in  vowels.  The  table  is  fol- 
lowed by  lists  of  all  the  words  which  are  counted  therein. 


Final  Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

1214 

19 

2.     a 

258 

5 

3.     i 

42 

241 

4.     I 

47 

21 

5.     u 

10 

84 

6.     u 

2 

10 

7.     r 

2 

16 

8.     e 

1 

0 

9.     o 

9 

4 

Totals 

1585 

400 

12  THE    SUFFIXES    MAXT  AND     VANT   IN    SANSKRIT. 

Following  are  the  examples  for  each  vowel  with  each  suffix  : 
I.    a  with  vant. 

angavant,  aksavant,  aksaravanf,  agunavant,  dgravant,  agrima- 
vant,  agriyarant,  aghdvant,  ankuravant,  angulitravant,  ajiravant, 
atattvdrthavant,  atanavant,  adrstavant,  adhikdravant,  adhvardvant, 
anantavant,  dnapatyavant,  andgatavant,  andtmavant,  andyatana- 
I'ant,  dmkavant,  aniiyajdvant,  anuragavant,  anuvdkyavant,  anu- 
qayavant,  anusvaravant,  dntavant,  antdriksai-ant,  dnnavant,  any- 
arthavant,  anmyavant,  dpatyavant,  dpavant,  aparavdnt,  aparadha- 
vant,  aparyaptavant,  dpavlravant,  apasavyavant,  apdqrayavant, 
apasthdvant,  apidhanavant,  apupdvant,  apratibodharant,  apradd- 
navant,  apramattavant,  aplavavant,  abaddhavant,  abalavant.  abhi- 
janavant,  abhimdnavant,  abhiriipavant,  abMtavant,  abhuktavant, 
abhujamgavant,  abhydsavant,  abhyucchrayai-ant,  dmavant,  aman- 
travant,  amarsavant,  amoghavant,  ayavant,  ayatnavant,  arepha- 
vantj  ariipavant,  arkdoamt,  arthavant,  alpavant,  alpavittavant, 
avakdqdvant,  avagddhavant,  avagunthanavant,  ai-adydvant,  avad- 
hdnavant,  avarohavant,  avdggamanavant,  avdptavant,  avikdravant, 
avijtidnavant,  aviqesavant,  dmryavant,  avyabhicdravant,  avyaya- 
vant,  avratavant,  aqanavant,  aritdvant,  dquklavant,  aqmarant, 
agmavarsavant,  aqvamedhdvant,  dgvavant,  asangavant,  asamcaya- 
vant,  asamtosavant,  asahdyavant,  asnehavant,  dhiranyavant,  dkdga- 
vant,  dkdravant,  dkopavant,  dgamavant,  dcdravant,  dcdryavant, 
ddambaravant,  dtapavant,  dtithyavant,  dtmavant,  dddnavant,  ddy- 
antavant,  dditydvant,  ddaravant,  dpmavant,  dpydnavant,  dpydyana- 
vant,  dmiksavant,  dyatanavant,  dydmavant,  dyusyavant,  dramb- 
hanavant,  drudhavant,  drogyavant,  drseyavant,  aldpavant)  dlam- 
banavant,  dlasyavant,  dlingitavant,  alokavant,  dglrvdddbhidhdna- 
vant,  dgr 'ayavant,  dsanjanavant,  dsecanavant,  dstaranavant,  dsvdda- 
vant,  indravant,  indriydvant,  idhmdvant,  indhanavant,  isdvant, 
ihavant,  irsyavant,  uktavant,  ukthavant,  ujjesdvant,  ujjhitavant, 
utthanavcmt,  utsangavant,  utsdhavant,  utsdhagduryadhanasdhasa- 
vant,  utsrstavant,  udakdvant,  udaravant,  utlattavant,  udayavant, 
udgrdhavant,  udbhdsavant,  udbhuta&pargavant,  udvdsavant,  un- 
mddavant,  upakarandvant,  upagatavant,  upagudhavant,  upacdra- 


THE   SUFFIXES    SIANT  AND     VANT  IN    SANSKRIT.  13 

vant,  upadcganavant,  upadehavant,  upamdnavant,  upaydmavant, 
upardgavant,  upavant,  upacamavant,  upasrtavant,  updyavant, 
upoktavant,  ubkayavant,  urugdyavant,  usnaxparqavant,  usmavant, 
urdhvagamanavant,  -usavant,  usmavant,  uhavant,  rtavant,  rtavya- 
vant,  rtviyavant,  rksavant,  rnavant,  rsabharant,  ekavinqavant, 
ekdikavant,  edhavant,  di^varyavant,  oghavant,  odanavant,  dutkan- 
thyavant,  dulsukyavant,  kahsavant,  kakudavant,  kantakavant,  ka- 
nakavant,  kandavant,  karsanavant,  kandaravant,  kapdtatorana- 
vant,  kapdlavant,  kamalavant,  karapaitravant,  karanavant,  kara- 
vant,  kanravant,  karnayrdhavant,  kdrnavant,  kdrnakavanf,  kar- 
makrtavant,  karmavant,  kalakalavant,  kalairavant,  kalahavant, 
kalydnavant,  kavant,  kdndavant,  kdmavaht,  kdyavant,  kdrakavant, 
kdranavant,  kdritavant,  kdrandavant,  kdryavant,  ktdavant,  kdstha- 
vant,  k&savant,  kinavant,  kidrgvydpdravant,  kutuhalavant,  kumdrd- 
vant,  kumudavant,  kulavant,  kulcKjilavant,  kuqavant,  kugalavant, 
kusumavant,  kusumbhavcwit,  kulavant,  krtavant,  krtyavant,  krpdyita- 
vant,  keqavant,  kfearavant,  kotaravant,  kopavant,  kogavant,  kostha- 
vant}  kdutukavant,  kduplnavant,  krurdcdravihdravant,  krdunca- 
vant,  kledavant,  klicitavant,  ksatravant,  ksamavant,  Jcsinavant, 
kslrdvant,  ksutavant,  ksemavant,  k-sdmavant,  Icsditavant,  khadavant, 
khadgavant,  khadiravant,  khdditavant,  gajavant,  gandvant,  gand- 
hapdsdnavant,  gandhavant,  gandlianragddmavant,  gatavant,  ga- 
manavant,  garanavant,  garbJiavant,  gahanavant,  gdtravant,  giin- 
aganavant,  gunavant,  guptavant,  gulmavant,  guhdgahanavant, 
grhavant,  grhdgramavant,  grhyavant,  gotravant,  gduravavant, 
grdbhanavanf,  gralianavant,  grdhavant,  grdhyavant,  grdmavant, 
gharmdvant,  ghosavant,  ghrtak^dudravant,  ghrtapdtrastanavant, 
ghrldvant,  cakravant,  cakravdkavant,  candagrdhavant,  candavant, 
canasitavant,  candrdvant,  candrakavant,  campakavant,  caranavant, 
caritravant,  carmavant,  casalavant,  cdtvdlavant,  cdritravant,  citta- 
vard,  citravant,  citrdstaranavant,  citkdravant,  clvaravant,  cditra- 
vant,  chaftravant,  chandobhangavant,  chandomavant,  chinnavant, 
janavant,  janmavant,  jayavant,  jalavant,  javavant,  jdgaritavant, 
jdtavant,  jdmbavant,  jdlavant,  jitavant,  jlrnavant,  jivavant,  jwana- 
vant,  jusdnavant,  jndnavant,  tankavant,  tamkdravant,  taksavant, 
taddgavant,  tattvavant,  tatpravaravant,  tatavant,  tanutravant,  tard- 
mavant,  talatravant,  taldngulitravant,  tddrgrupavant,  tdvadvirya- 


14  THE    SUFFIXES    MAXT   AND     VAXT   IX    SANSKRIT. 

vcint,  tigmdvant,  tilaka&ant,  tlrtliarant,  tu/ndavant,  tuviruvant,  tuna- 
rant,  tr/mrcirant,  tiilavant,  trnai'cmt,  tejavaitt,  tokdoant}  toy  av  ant, 
tyaktavant,  trayidhamavant,  trikutavant,  trajgunyavant,  trydlikhitd- 
vant,  tvaksdravyavaharavant,  trayodagadvlpavant,  traguttarasanya- 
vant,  dahstrakaralavant,  dandaparusyavant,  dandavant,  ddtravant, 
dantavant,  darbhapinjilhtcant,  darqitavant,  dagapadmavant,  dana- 
vant,  dayadavant,  ddfainyavant,  ddhavant,  d'ipavant,  duhsatti-a- 
vant,  duhkhagokavant,  durdtmavant,  dutavant,  drstavant,  drstanta- 
vant,  devayajanavantj  devdvant,  devaravant,  dehavant,  do$o.vant, 
dohadavantj  dduhitravant,  dyumndvant,  drapsdvant,  dravinavant, 
dravyavant,  drumavant,  dvdravant,  dviguklavant,  dvihiitavant, 
dvitiyavant,  dvipavant,  dhanamadavant,  dhanavant,  dharmadh- 
vajcivant,  dharmavant,  dharmavirodhavant,  dharmdbhijanavant, 
dhdrmcivant,  dhdnyadhanavant,  dhdnyavant,  dhdmavant,  dhisnya- 
vant}  dhumavant,  dhrtavant,  dhdiryavant,  dhydiiavant,  dhvajavant, 
natiprcicurapadyarant,  ndikadravyoccayarant,  naktavant,  naga- 
vant,  namaskdravanty  nayavant,  nayanavant,  narmavant,  navaydu- 
vanavant,  nastavant,  ndgayajnopavitavant,  ndgavant,  ndthavant, 
nddavant,  ndndraindkarcivant,  ndrnavant,  ndrakapdlakundalavant, 
nasikavant,  niraparddhai'ant,  nirdtmavantj  nirdyavyayavant,  nir- 
maldtmavant,  nirvikdravant,  nirvicesarant,  nihsecanavant,  nihsd- 
ranavant,  nigciditavant,  nigdlcivant,  nigirnavant,  nitambavant, 
niddnavant,  nidhdnavant,  ninrttavant,  nipdnavant,  nimbavant, 
niyamavant,  nirdhavavant,  niruktavant,  niruddhavant,  nirbhart- 
sitavajit,  nirvedavant,  nivegavant,  nisadavant,  nisiddhavant,  nispesa- 
vant,  nisrstavant,  nistyaktavant,  nihrddavant,  n'iddvant,  riilacolaka- 
vant,  nilavant,  nupuravant,  Jiydyavant,  paksapucchdvant,  paksd- 
vant,  pankajavant,  pankavant,  pakvavant,  pancagavydpdnarant, 
pancada$dvant,  pailcainavant,  panyavant,  patdkocchrdyamnt,  pa- 
tidharmavant,  padmavant,  padmasdugandhikavant,  paravant,  pa- 
rdyanavant,  paramapaddtmavant,  pardkramavant,  pardgavant, 
parigfhyctoant,  pariyrahavant,  paricayavant,  parindmarant,  pari- 
nahavant,  paritosavant,  pariputanavant,  paripotavant,  paripiir- 
nasahaxracandravant,  paribarhavant,  paribodhavant,  panvdha- 
vant,  parirarai'anf,  parivestitavant,  parigesavant,  pariJidravant, 
parnai-ant,  paryastavant,  parydptavant,  parydlocitavant,  parva- 
vant,  palitavant,  pavamdnavant,  pavitravant,  pdrlravant,  pav'ird- 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND     VANT   IN    SANSKRIT.  15 

vant.  pdnavant,  pdkavant,  pdthavant,  pdnigrdhavant,  pdtheyavant, 
pddavant,  pddukavant,  pdmavant,  pdrijdtavant,  pdvakavant,  pdqa- 
vant,  pieindavant,  picchavant,  pitrmdtrgurugu^r'usddhydnavant,  pit- 
tavant,  pidhdnavant,  pibavant,  pUavant,  punsavant,  pucchavant, 
pundarlkdvant,  punyavant,  putrdvant,  punargarbhavant,  pura- 
staddhomavant,  puronuvdkyavcmt,  piirlsavant,  purukcirakavant, 
purusavant,  puspadantavant,  puspaphalavant,  puspavant,  purva- 
vant,  prthupajarant,  prthusattvavcint,  pesanavant,  pdutrikeyavant, 
prakdgavant,  prakdganavant,  prakdravant,  prakarsavant,  prakra- 
mabhangavant,  prakledavant,  praJcsiptavant,  praJcsveditavant,  pra- 
grahai-ant,  pragrdhavant,  prajtinanavant,  pranatavant,  pranatdt- 
mavant,  pranayavant,  pratdnavant,  pratikulavant,  pratigabdavant, 
praticdkhavant,  pratyavamarsavant,  pratipannavant,  pratibandha- 
vant,  pratibodhavant,  pratibhdnavant,  pratibhdvavant,  pratiglna- 
vant,  pratmddhavant,  pratihdravant,  pratndvant,  prdtikavant, 
pratyabhijndtavant,  pratyabhiyuktavant,  pratyavamarsavant,  pra- 
dandavant,  prattavant,  praddnavant,  pradeqavant,  pradharsitavant, 
pranrttavant,  pranrtyavard,  praphuUanagavant,  prabalavant,  pra- 
bodhavant,  prabodhitavant,  prabhdvavant,  prabliiitadhanadhdnya- 
vant,  pramattavant,  pramddavant,  pramdnavant,  prameditavant, 
pramuditavant,  praydjdvant,  prayatnavant,  prayatdtmavant,  prayo- 
janavant,  prarohavant,  praldpavant,  proktavant,  pravanavant, 
prurant,  prositavant,  pravdlavant,  pravibhdgavant,  pravaravant} 
pravargydvant,  pravrttavant,  praqdkhavant,  pragrayavant,  pra- 
sungavant,  prasddavant,  prasecanavant,  prasthavant,  prasthitavant, 
prasveditavant,  praJiitamgamavant,  praharanavant,  praharsavant} 
prdgalbhyavant,  prdkgrngavant,  prdggamanavant,  prdnaddvant, 
prdnavant,  prdndrthavant,  prdptavant,  prdrabdhavant,  prdrthita- 
vant,  priydvant,  premavant,  presitavant,  plaksavant,  plavavant, 
plutavant,  phanavant,  phaladantavant,  phalapuspavant,  phala- 
tnulavant,  phdlavant,  phalastanavant,  phullapadmotpalavant,  phul- 
lavant,  phutkdravant,  phenavant,  bakavant,  baddhagodhdngulitra- 
vant,  baddhapankavant,  barhavant,  bdlavant,  bahudugdhavant, 
bahupuspaprabdlavant,  bdnavant,  bilavant,  bisavant,  brjavant, 
buddlidvant,  bodhavant,  budhndvant,  brahmacaryavant,  brahma- 
vant,  brahmavisnvarkavant,  brdhmanavdnt,  brdhmanavant,  bhdga- 
vant,  bhangavant,  bhadravant,  bhdvant,  bhdnavant,  blidgyavant, 


16  THE    SUFFIXES    Jf.4.vr  AND     VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

bhdjanavant,  bhdravant,  bhdvavant,  bharitavant,  bhdskarai-ant, 
bhinnavant,  bhlmagrdhavant,  bhuktavant,  bhutakaranavant,  bhuta- 
vant,  bhogavdnt,  bhogavant,  bhrdtrsamghdtavant,  bhratri-yavant, 
makarandavant,  makhdrant,  maghdvant,  mangalavant,  maniratna- 
vant,  matsardvant,  madanavant,  matdvant,  mananavant,  mantra- 
vant,  manddravant,  manmathavant,  mayukhavant,  maruddvlpa- 
vant,  mdrtavant,  marydddparvatavant,  malavant,  malayavant, 
mahdtmavant,  mahdbhogavant,  mahabhogavant,  maharatnavant, 
mahdrasavant,  mahdrthavant,  maJidvegavant,  mahavratdvant,  ma- 
hdifitarant,  mahagetavctnt,  mahdhimavant,  inahdlicmavant,  mahoc- 
chrdyavant,  indnsabudbudavant,  mdnsdvant,  mddravant,  mdna-vant, 
mayavant,  mdydbalavant,  mdrarant,  mdlyavant,  mdsikdrthavant, 
mitravant,  mitrdvarunavant,  minavant,  mukhavant,  munjakecavant, 
muiijavant,  mudgavani,  muskavant,  mugdhavant,  mujavant,  malad- 
vdravant,  mulavant,  mrgavant,  mrgdnkavant,  mrstavant,  mrndla- 
vant,  mrduromavant,  meghavant,  mehavant,  moJcsavant,  mohavant, 
yajndvant,  yojnopavttavant,  yatnavant,  yantravant,  yamavant, 
yamasattvavantj  yavagodhumavant,  ydvisthavant,  ydnavant,  ydma- 
vant,  ydjy  d,vant,  ydbhavant,  ydmyasattvavant,  yavadriryavant, 
yuktdvant,  yuddhavant,  yupavant,  yupakavant,  yogaksemavaid, 
yogarddhirupavant,  yogavant,  yduvanavant,  raksitavant,  ranga- 
vant,  rdtnavant,  rdthavcmt,  ratavant,  rayavant,  rdsavant,  rasiia- 
vant,  rdgagrahavant,  rdgavant,  rdjavant,  rdjanydvant,  rdjyavant, 
rephavant,  rukmavant,  rucitavant,  rudrdvant,  rupayduvanavant, 
ruparasagandhasparqavant,  ruparasasfiarqavant,  rupavant,  rupa- 
sdubhdgyavant,  rupasparqavant,  rocandvant,  romavant,  rohita- 
vant,  laksanavant,  laghudvdravant,  latdgahanavant,  latdvalaya- 
vant,  labdhavant,  Idbhavant,  Idlavant,  laldmavant,  lavavant,  Idsa- 
vant,  Idvanyavant,  lingavant,  liptavant,  lobhitavant,  lokavant, 
lomavant,  losiavant,  lohacarmavant,  lohavant,  lohitavant,  Idulya- 
vant,  vaneanavant,  vatavant,  vatsavant,  vayunavant,  varuthavant, 
varnavant,  varnd$ramavant,  varnitavant,  vartitavant,  varmavant, 
varsmavant,  valavant,  valkavant,  valkalavant,  vasanarant,  vastra- 
vant,  vdtagulmavant,  vatavant,  vdgghastavanf,  rajta-ant,  r'mavant, 
vddavant,  vdditravant,  vdravant,  viqdkhavant,  vikdravant,  rikalpa- 
vant,  vigrahavant,  vighnavant,  vicaksanacanasitai-ant,  vicoksana- 
vant,  mcdravant,  injayavant,  vijitavant,  vijndnavant,  litathdbhi- 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  17 

nivegavant,  vitdnavant,  vitarkavant,  vidydbhimdnavant,  vidydved- 
avratavant,  viUavant,  viddhavant,  vidyunmandalavant,  vinayavant, 
vmodavant,  vindhyavant,  vipandpanavant,  vipuldrthabhogavant, 
vipratisaravant,  vibhdgavant,  vibhavavant,  vibhusanarant,  vibhra- 
mavant,  vimalakiriiahdravant,  vimarqavant,  vircigavant,  virodha- 
vant,  vildfsavant,  vivdsanavant,  vivekavant,  vivrtavant,  viqesavant, 
vigesanavant,  inqrambhavant,  viyutavant,  vigvddevavant,  vi$varu- 
pavant,  vigvavant,  visdvant,  visddavant,  visayavant,  visdnavant, 
visvaggamanavant,  viskambhavant,  visrstavant,  vistlrnavant,  vis- 
mayai-ant,  vismayavisddavant,  vismrtavant,  vihitavant,  vihdravant, 
vitavant,  vmdpanavatunavant,  mrdvant,  virinavant,  mrydvant, 
vlryasattvavantj  vrtrcihavant,  vrJcsavant,  vrjinavant,  vrttavant, 
vrttasvddliydyavant,  vrsavant,  vrstavant,  vegavant,  vejo.navanty 
vetntvant,  vedavant,  ve<javant}  vesavant,  vdikrtavant,  vdidagdhya- 
vanty  vdiravant,  vdilaksyavant,  vdigvdnardvant,  vyancanavant, 
vyatisangavant,  vyapadeqavant,  vyabhicdravani,  vyayavant,  vyava- 
dhdnavant,  vyavasdyavard,  vyavahdravant,  vyasanavant,  vydpddi- 
tavant,  vydpdravant,  vydydmavant,  vydlavant,  vydlolakuntalaka- 
Idpavant,  vyomavant,  vranavant,  vratdvant,  vrknavant,  qastravant, 
qaktidvayavant,  qakalavant,  qankhavant,  qatdvant,  qaphdvant,  $ab- 
davant,  qamavant,  qayitavant,  qaravant,  garydnavant,  qariravant, 
ga?'dhavant,  garmavant,  qalyavant,  galyakavant,  gaqdnkavant,  gaspa- 
vant,  gastragrdhavant,  qastravant,  qdthyavant,  qatavant,  gddvala- 
vant,  qdstravant,  qikyavant,  gipivistavant,  $ipravant,  qilpavant,  <jita- 
vant,  qlrsavant,  (jilava/nt,  gukrdvant,  quklayajnopavitavant,  gukld- 
vant,  quddhavant,  gundvant,  qubhravant,  quskavant,  $usmavant, 
gunavant,  $ukavant,  qulavant,  qrngavant,  qrngdravant,  qesavant, 
gdivalavant,  gokavant,  qonitapittavant,  qobhanavant,  qducavant, 
gduryavant,  yaddadhdnavant,  gramavant,  gritavant,  grutavant, 
grutafllavant,  grotravant,  qlesmavant,  gvavant,  gvabhravant,  gvasana- 
vant,  $vastanavant,  ^retagunavant,  satkaj-mavant,  sasthavant,  sdd- 
gunyavant,  samyatavant,  samyamavant,  samydmavant,  samrak- 
sanavant,  samrambhavant,  samvidhdnavant,  samvibhdgapilavant, 
samvyavahdravant,  samqaptavant,  samqritavant,  samsdravant,  sarh- 
sargavant,  samskdravant,  samskrtavant,  samsthdvayavavant,  sams- 
tlidnara'id,  samsthitavant,  samhananavant,  samhdravegavant,  sam- 
hrattivant,  sagunavant,  samkalpavant,  samgamitavant,  samgraha- 


18  THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAST  IN    SANSKRIT. 

rant,  samghdtavant,  samghdhiguluvant,  sfijdtdvant,  eamcaycwant, 
samcint-itavant,  saktavant,  samjvaravant,  sacchdstravant,  sattvarant, 
sattvotsdhavant,  satyavant,  saddedravant,  sadosarant,  samtdnavantf 
samtdpavant,  samtustatarnakavant,  samfosavant,  samdarbhavant, 
samdistavant,  samdlpanavant,  samnyasavant,  aaptadagtivant,  sap- 
tadvlpai-dnt,  saptamnt,  saptasamudravant,  sabharanyavitankavant, 
samarthitauant,  samasavant,  samar-ritarant,  samtddhavaid,  samuc- 
cliritadhvftjavant,  samuddcdravant,  samarpitavant,  sampflifi^mf, 
sambhedavant,  sambhogavant,  sammadavant,  BammurchUavant, 
stt)'avant}  sarpavrqcikaromavant,  sarvayatnavant,  sarrci'diit,  sa.r- 
vasasyavant,  sarvabharanarant,  xftlildvfnit,  xarmif,  .^/.s-yc/rr/?;/, 
sasydkaravant,  sahacdityavant,  sahdyavant,  sahdwavant,  sahasrd- 
nancujirsavant,  sdksdtkdravant,  sdmkhyayogavant,  sddhannvant, 
sddhyavant,  sdbhravant,  sdmavant,  sdmarthyavant,  sdmdnyavant, 
sambavant,  sdravant,  sdrthavant,  sdvitrdvant,  sdhasarant,  sdhasrd- 
vant,  sidhmavant,  sinavant,  sirdjulavant,  simantai'ant,  sutavant, 
sutdsomavant,  sutavant,  sukankavant,  sukhavant,  sugctndhavant, 
sughosavant,  sudrdhaharmyavant,sundaravant,  supihitavant,  subala- 
vant,  suyatdtmavant,  suvesavant,  surendravant,  svlauant,  surarna- 
vant,  suvarndlamkdravant,  sufilagunavant,  su(filavant,  susiravant, 
gusahdyavant,  susdravant,  suhiranyavant,  sunavant,  suravant, 
suryavant,  srkavant,  srgdvant.  srstavant,  saikcctavant,  sodharajif, 
sodaryavant,  somavant,  sosmavant,  sdukhavant,  sdugandhikavant, 
sdujanyavant,  sdubhdgyavant,  sdumanaxyavant,  sduryabhagcrnt/f, 
sdurdjyavant,  skandhavant,  skhalitavant,  stanakegavant,  stanacant, 
stambavant,  stambhavant,  stavdnt,  stwtavant,  stuta<;astrarant,  stotra- 
vant,  stobhavant,  strisvarupavant,  sthdnavant,  sthdndmnarihdra- 
vant,  sthdpitavant,  sthdmavant,  sthitavant,  sthdiryavant,  sndtavant, 
sndyujdlavant,  snehavant,  snehasamjvaravant,  sparqarupavant, 
sparqavant,  spar^agabdai-ant,  sphuUngavant,  smaravant,  svatva- 
vant,  svarupavanty  svdvant,  svddhydyavant,  svantavant,  svanavant, 
svargavant,  svalpavittavant,  svdcdravant,  svdravant,  srarasanis- 
vdravant,  svantavant,  hansatihnadukulavant,  hansamnt,  Jtansaka- 
rant,  harsarant,  havavant,  hdsavant,  hdsyarasavant,  hddavant, 
hdtavant,  hdrdavant,  hitavant,  himdvant,  Jtiranyagarbhdvanf , 
hiranyavant,  kuidqanavant,  hrdayavant,  hdimavant,  hemayajnopa- 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VAST  IN   SANSKRIT.  19 

vltavant,  hemaratnavant,  hemavant,  hdimasdugandhikavant,  homa- 
vant,  hrdsdnvesanavant. 

a  with  mant. 

cdpasvamant,  dkdramant,  kdnvamant,  jayamant,  dhrtamant, 
prdnamdnt,  bhuvanamant,  ydvamant,  rusyamant,  rdjamant,  rupa- 
mant,  Idlamant,  vajrakapdtamant,  vibhavamant,  mramant,  gubhra- 
mant,  sdbhramant,  siiryamant,  svamant. 

2.     d  with  vant. 

anjandvant,  atisthdvant,  anuvdkydvant,  amardvant,  arcdvant, 
avidvisdvant,  agandydvant,  aqitdvant,  dgvdvant,  dgdvant,  iddvant, 
indrdvant,  indriyavant,  irdvant,  wchuvant,  istdvant,  istakdvant, 
udumbardvant,  uttardvant,  utpaldvant,  urjdvant,  urndvant,  rtviyd- 
vant,  rghdvant,  etdvant,  omydvant,  kaksydvant,  kanakdvant,  kanyd- 
vant,  karundvant,  kdrnakdvant,  kcddvant,  kaqdvant,  kigardvant, 
kugdvant,  kuhdvant,  krpdvant,  krgandvant,  konkandvant,  kriydvant, 
kmddvant,  ksdpdvant,  ksapdvant,  ksamdlingdtmaplddvant,  ksamd- 
vanty  ksitiksamdvant,  ksudhdvant,  ksemdvant,  gopdvant,  godhdvant, 
gndvant,  ghantdvant,  ghrndvant,  cankramdvant,  candandvant,  can- 
drdvant,  campakdvant,  campdvant,  cetandvant,  tintdvant,  cipitikd- 
vant,  cuddvant,  cestdvant,  chdydvant,  jatdvant,  jaydvant,  jardvant, 
jdvant,  jihvdvant,  jrmbhdvant,  jyotendvant,  tarsydvant,  tdmrdvant, 
tdrdvant,  tdvant,  turagakriydvant,  tuldvant,  trsydvant,  trapdvant, 
tvardvant,  tvdvant,  dansdndvant,  d&ksindvant,  daydvant,  daqdvant, 
didrksdvant,  durhdndvant,  durgdvant,  durvdvant,  devdvant,  dvdrd- 
vant,  dhdndvant,  dhdrandvant,  dhdrdvant,  dhdrdvant,  dhumdvant, 
ndtimuddvant,  ndbhidhdvant,  nirdhdvant,  nisthdvant,  panddvant, 
padmdvant,  pardvant,  pastyavant,  pdfiMdvant,  pdtcddvant,  pdrdd- 
vant,  pidakdvant,  pitrydvant,  pipdsdvant,  pippcddvant,  purdvant, 
puskardvant,  pustdvant,  p&spdvant,  ptijdvant,  posydvant,  prajd- 
vant,  prajndvant,  pratibhdvant,  pratisthdvant,  prcubhdvant.  prasthd- 
vant,  prahdvant,  prdnaddvant,  priydvant,  premdvant,  preksdvant, 
phandvant,  barhdndvant,  brahmdvant,  bhangurdvant,  bhadrdvanty 
bhastrdvant,  bhdvant,  bhdrydvant,  bhiksdvant,  bhuriddvant,  bhogd- 
vant,  maddvant,  madirdvant,  malaydvant,  magakdvant,  mahdprajd- 
vant,  mahimdvant,  mdtrdvant,  mdydvant,  mdldvant,  mdvant,  mdhind- 
2 


20  THE   SUFFIXES   MAXT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

vant,  muddvant,  murchdvant,  mrgdvant,  mrjdvant,  mrttikdvant, 
mekhaldvant,  medhdvant,  mehdndvant,  yavydvant,  ydtumdvant,  yd- 
vant,  yugavydvant,  yuvdvant,  yusmdvant,  raksdvant,  ratndvant, 
rddhdvant,  rujdvant,  rocandvant,  lajjdvant,  lasandvant,  lildvant, 
loluydvant,  vangdvant,  vacandvant,  vapdvant,  vayavant,  vayund- 
vant,  varandvant,  vdtavanty  visamjndvant,  i-'ijdvant,  vijiglsdvant, 
vidydvant,  ivbhdvant,  vigvddevydvant,  viqvdvant,  visnusiddhdntatdd- 
vani,  vlndvant,  vlrandvaid,  vlrydvant,  vrkkdvant,  vrsnydvant,  vetd- 
vant,  vetrdvant,  vedandvant,  vyathdvant,  vrajydvant,  vnddvant, 
gatdvant  (?),  gardvant,  garyandvant,  qarkardvant,  garpandvant, 
galdkdvant,  qavasdvant,  gdldvant,  giksdvant,  gikhdvant,  qltikdvant, 
gundhdvant,  gundvant,  gubhrdvant,  gepydvant,  qobhdvant,  $ydmd- 
vanty  $raddhdvant,  grutdvant,  samkhydvant,  sacandvant,  samjnd- 
vant,  sattdvant,  satyatitikmvant,  sabhdvant,  samdvant,  samadhika- 
lajjdvant,  sarvdvant,  salildvant,  sdhdvant,  sahdvant,  sahasdvant, 
sddhyapramdnasamkhydvant,  sdsndvant,  sikatdvant,  sidhrakdvant, 
sttdmdvant,  sutdvant,  sukhdvant,  sudhdvant,  suprajdvant,  surdvant, 
susthdvant,  siinftdvant,  srkdvant,  srgdvant,  sairdvant,  somdvant, 
spardhdvant,  sprhdvant,  sphurjdvant,  svadhdvant,  hansdvant,  hitd- 
vant,  himdvant,  hemydvant,  heldvant,  hlddikdvant,  hlddukdvant. 

d  with  mant. 
kruncdmant,  drdksdmant,  dhrdksdmant,  bhdmant,  vagdmant. 

3.     i  with  vant. 

agnivdnty  adrivant,  dpivant,  abhivdnt,  arcivdnt,  avantivant, 
dhutivant,  etivant,  ehivant,  ksetivant,  caturagnivant,  jaghnivant, 
jdnivant,  trivant,  dddhivant,  namovrktivant,  pdtivant,  pdrivant, 
puramdhivant,  pfqnivant,  pratipatnivant,  prativant,  pratibuddhi- 
vant,  pr&ivant,  brhaspativant,  mativant,  manthivant,  muktivant, 
rayivdnt,  raqmivdnt,  vajrivant,  vahnivant,  vivant,  vyapagataraqmi- 
vantj  sdkhivant,  saptarsivant,  saptarsivant,  samrddhivant,  saras- 
vativant,  sudvant,  stibhivant,  hdrivant. 

i  with  mant. 

aksimant,  agnimdnt,  angavdkpdnimant,  anjimdnt,  atwaktimant, 
anddimant,  dpacitimant,  abuddhimant,  abdimdnt,  abhaktimant, 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VAST  IN   SANSKRIT.  21 

abhipattimant,  abhistimdnt,  amurtimant,  amrtabuddhimant,  arani- 
mant,  arcimdnt,  alimant,  avadhimant,  dvimant,  amcimant,  aqdni- 
mant,  aqrimant,  aqvimant,  asimdnt,  astimant,  astraksatimant,  asthi- 
mant,  ahimant,  dkrtimant,  ddimant,  dyatimant,  drtimant,  dsutimant, 
itardaropakrtimant,  isudhimant,  icchdgaktimant,  utpattimant,  udani- 
mdnt,  unnatimant,  upakrtimant,  upapattimant,  upabdimdnt,  upa- 
labdhimant,  utimdnt,  iirmimant,  rddhimant,  rstimdnt,  kdntimant, 
kirtimant,  kulcsimant,  kubjimant,  krtimant,  krmimant,  kotimant, 
ksatimant,  ksdntimant,  ksitivrttimant,  ksdmimant,  khamurtimant, 
khydtimant,  ganimant,  gabhastimant,  gatimant,  gdlimant,  gduri- 
mant,  granthimant,  citimant,  janimant,  jdtimant,  jutimdnt,  jndti- 
mant,  jndnagaktimant,  jyutimant,  tustimant,  trptimant,  tvastrimant, 
tvisimant,  dandamtimant,  dandimant,  dalmimant,  dldhitimant,  dlpti- 
vnant)  drdhabhaktimant,  drtimant,  drstimant,  dyutimant,  dhunimantf 
dhrtimant,  dhvanimant,  ndndmantrdughasiddhimant,  ndndvesdkrti- 
mant,  nidhimdnt,  nirvrtimant,  nitimant,  nyubjimant,  patimant,  pathi- 
mantj  parimant,  parimitimant,  pavimant,  pagudhdnyadhanarddhi- 
mant,  pdnimant,  punaruktimant,  pulimant,  pustimdnt,  purnaqakti- 
mant,  prgnimant,  prakrtimant,  prajdtimant,  pratipattimant,  prafiti- 
mant,  pradiptimant,  pravrttinivrttimant,  pravrttimant,  prdstimant, 
prasiddhimant,  prdnitnant,  prdptimant,  prdyagcittimant,  pritimantf 
balimdnt,  bljasamhrtimant,  buddhimant,  brhaspatimant,  bhaldi- 
mant,  bhangimant,  bhavdntaraprdptimant,  bhitimant,  bhuktimant, 
bhutimant,  bhumimant,  bhrstimdnt,  bhrdntimant,  manimant,  mati- 
ty  marlcimant,  maharddhimant,  mahormimant,  mahimant,  mdrsi- 
ty  mdrstimant,  muktimant,  murtimant,  mulavyasanavrttimant, 
yajimant,  yastimant,  yuktimant,  yogasiddhimant,  yonimant,  rakti- 
mant,  ratimant,  rayimdnt,  raqmimant,  rdjimant,  i*ustimant,  romdn- 
codgatarajimant,  vadhrimant,  varimdnt,  vdrimant,  valimant,  valli- 
manty  vahnimant,  vdjimant,  vdrimant,  vikrtimant,  viksepagaktimant, 
vibhutimant,  viraktimant,  viguddhimant,  viqrdntimant,  viqvamurti- 
mantj  vrttimant,  vrddhimant,  vrstimdnt,  vfstiniant,  vrsnimant,  vedi- 
mant,  vydptimant,  vyutpattimant,  vyustimant,  vnhimant,  qaktimant, 
gataghriipdqagaktimant,  gabdddimant,  qaramarlcimant,  ganimant, 
gdntimant,  gikhandimant,  girsaktimdnt,  quktimant,  quddhimant, 
qduryddimant,  grutimant,  qrustimdnt,  qrenimaiit,  $r6nimant,  sodaqi- 
mant,  sodaqimdnt,  samvrtimant,  samskdrddimant,  samhdrabuddhi- 


22  THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

mant,  samhrtimant,  saktimant,  sanjimant,  sannimant,  sanimdnt, 
samtatimant,  samdhimant,  samnatimant,  saptarsimant,  samddhi- 
mant,  samadhiyogarddhitapovidydviraktimant,  samrddhimant,  sam- 
pratipattimant,  sampfitimant,  sarvafahgrutimant,  sdksimant,  sdmad- 
harmdrthariitimant,  sasnadimant,  sijimant,  siddhimant,  subuddhi- 
mant,  surabhimdnt,  sutimant,  suksmamatimant,  srstimant,  stutimant, 
sthitimant,  sthivimdnt,  sthavimant,  sthiilabuddhimant,  sphatimdnt, 
sphurtimant,  smrtimant,  svastimdnt,  svapimant,  harimant,  hariheti- 
mant,  hastimant,  hetimdnt,  hemamaricimant. 

4.  i  with  vant. 

akapivant,  asthlvdnt,  ahwant,  dndivant,  dsandivant,  want, 
urvarivant,  rslvard,  kaksivant,  kapivant,  kwant,  kladwant,  ghana- 
kaplvant,  ghfmvant,  cakrwant,  tdvislvant,  trivativant,  darivant, 
dddimlvant,  dydvdprthivivant,  dhwant,  nducakrwant,  pdtnwant, 
bhdraMvant,  manwant,  manthivant,  munwant,  ragmivdnt,  laksmi- 
vant,  vanakapwant,  vdjinwant,  vdnwant,  vdrddtivant,  vrcwant, 
vrjinivant,  gdkfivant,  qdelvant,  $amlvant,  giprinwant,  gimwant,  gucl- 
vant,  qrivant,  gvasivant,  sdptwant,  sdrasvafivant,  svddhifivant,  hfsl- 
vwni. 

~\  with  mant. 

aqrimant,  ulkusimant,  osadhimant,  jyotislmant,  tdvisimant,  tvasfi,- 
mant,  tvastrimant,  tvfelmant,  darlmant,  dhlmant,  dhrtijlmant,  puri- 
mant,  bhlmant,  rdjimant,  valimant,  va$imant,  qrimant,  stnmant, 
hiranyavdglmant,  hirlmant,  hrlmant. 

5.  u  with  vant. 

jdmbuvanty  bandhuvant,  bdhuvant,  vdsuvant,  vastuvant,  i*isuvdnt} 
vfenuvant,  $ma$ruvant,  sddhuvant,  stanayitnuvant. 

u  with  mant. 

angumdnt,  aptumdnt,  apsumdnt,  abhisumant,  ambumant,  dsu- 
mant,  dgumant,  iksumant,  indumant,  isumant,  upacdrumant,  rtu- 
mdnt,  rbhumdnt,  karenumant,  karkandhumant,  kaqerumant,  ketu- 
mdnty  krdtumant,  krldumdnt,  ksumdnt,  gavldhumant,  gdtumdnt, 
gurumant,  cancumant,  cdrumant,  jantumant,  jambumant,  jivdtu- 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VAST  IN   SANSKRIT.  23 

mant,  tanumant,  tantumant,  tvastumant,  tsarumant,  ddnumant, 
dyumdnt,  drumant,  dhdtumant,  dhundhumant,  dhenumdnt,  nadanu- 
mdnt,  patumant,  paramamanyumant,  paraqumdnt,  paqumdnt,  pitu- 
mdntj  pllumant,  prthumant,  bdndhumant.  bahumdnt,  bindumant, 
bhdnumdnt,  bhrajathumant,  maJcarakdumant,  manjumant,  mddhu- 
mant,  inantumant,  manyumdnt,  mrtyumant,  ydtumdnt,  renumant, 
lumant,  vdsumant,  vdyumdnt,  vibhumdnt,  insnumant,  venumant, 
vepathumant,  qankumant,  qdrumant,  qattksumant,  giqumant,  fitdngu- 
mant,  qubhavenutrivenumant,  qrumant,  gvayathumant,  sddhumant, 
sdnumant,  susumdnt,  sunumdnt,  stanayitnumant,  sthdnumant,  hanu- 
mant,  haridrumant,  harsumdnt,  hetumant. 

6.  u  with  vant. 
juhuvant,  visuvdnt. 

u  with  mant. 

kacchumaifit,  kandumant,  kaqerumant,  pargumant,  prasumant, 
bhumant,  vadhumant,  vasumant,  vibhumdnt,  hanumant. 

7.  r  with  vant. 
nrvdnt,  pitrvant. 

r  with  mant. 

abhrdtrmant,  upadrastrmdnt,  kartrmant,  goptrmant,  tvdstrmant, 
duhitrmant,  nrmant,  netrmant,  pitrmdnt,  pitfmant,  pranetrmant, 
bhartrmant,  bhrdtrmant,  mdtrmdnt,  samgrdvayitrmant,  hotrmant. 

8.  e  with  vant. 
revdnt. 

9.  o  with  vant. 

angirovant,  chandovant,  tapovant,  tamovant,  tejovant,  manovant, 
medovant,  yaqovant,  rodhovant. 

o  with  mant. 
gdmant,  cetomant,  pulomant,  yaqomant. 

Thus  with  vowel-stems  in  Sanskrit  vant  observes  the  rule  in 
1519  cases  out  of  1585,  or  nearly  96  f0,  and  mant  in  355  out  of 
400,  or  nearly 


24 


THE   SUFFIXES    MAKT  AND    VAST  IN   SANSKRIT. 


§  10.  An  investigation  of  the  possessives  in  mant  and  vant 
listed  in  Grassmann's  Worterbuch  zum  Rig-  Veda  l  and  in  Whit- 
ney's Index  Verborum  to  the  Atharva-Veda  shows  Vedic  adher- 
ence to  the  rules  suggested  above  in  §  8. 

§  11.  Following  are  the  figures  for  stems  with  final  vowel  in 
the  Rig- Veda : 


Final  Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.      a 

54 

2 

2.     a 

68 

0 

3.     i 

10 

19 

4.     1 

19 

6 

5.     u 

1 

28 

6.     u 

1 

1 

7.     r 

1 

2 

8.     e 

1 

0 

9.     o 

0 

1 

Total 

155 

59 

The  examples  follow : 

1.     a  with  vant. 

tokdvant,  bhdgavant,  maghdvant,  vdjavant,  yajndvant,  grdbhana- 
vant,  mitravdrunavant,  kdrnavant,  matdvant,  gatdvant,  gatavant, 
ghrtdvant,  ksmtavant,  stavdnt,  hdstavant,  rdthavant,  apasthdvant, 

1  To  the  list  of  mat's  and  vat's  in  the  appendix,  Verzeichniss  der  biegsamen 
Worter,  to  Grassmann's  Worterbuch  should  be  added  the  following  words  which 
appear  in  the  body  of  the  work  : 

pustavat 

sacanavat 

Mrimat 

There  are  two  misprints,  apdsthdvat  should  be  apasihavat  and  mldusmat  should 
be  mldhusmat.  jdvat  (vin,  94,  5)  is  omitted  in  the  body  of  the  work  as  well  as 
in  the  above  mentioned  appendix,  but  is,  however,  added  in  the  Nachtrilge,  col. 
1762.  The  vocative  sahasdvan  should  be  listed  under  vat  instead  of  under  van 
(cf.  §avasavat  and  Chap,  n,  §  9e,  and  note). 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAST  IN    SANSKRIT.  25 

ddnavant,  apidhdnavant,  sinavant,  vayunavantf  rdtnavant,  dnna- 
vant,  dyumndvant,  apupdvant,  puspavant,  qaphdvant,  dmavant, 
himdvant,  somavant,  sutdsomavant,  dhdrmavant,  hiranyavant,  mat- 
sardvant,  vdravant,  virdvant,  pdviravant,  dpavlravant,  tuvirdvant, 
ddtravant,  pavttravant,  candrdvant,  indravant,  qipravant,  sahd»ra- 
vant,  bdlavant,  casdlavant,  mlavant,  devdvant,  dgvavant,  kfyavant, 
isdvant,  visdvant,  rdsavant. 

a  with  mant. 
ydvamant,  kdnvamant. 

2.  d  with  vant. 

tfitikdvant,  hladikdvant,  fghavant,  javant,  prajdvant,  suprajd- 
vant,  pustavant,  iddvant,  qaryandvant,  barhdnavant,  durhdndvant, 
ddksindvant,  urndvant,  tavant,  hitdvard,  sutavant,  etavant,  sunftd- 
vant,  bhuriddvant,  svadhdvant,  vacandvant,  sacandvant,  krqand- 
vant,  dansdnavant,  mehdndvant,  dhdndvant,  mdhindvant,  vayfind- 
vant,  gndvant,  vapdvant,  ksdpdvant,  Jcsapdvant,  gopdvant,  sabhd- 
vant,  vibhdvant,  mdvant,  slldmdvant,  ydtumdvant,  somdvdnt,  yusmd- 
vant,  ydvant,  vaydvant,  mdydvant,  rtviydvant,  vfsnydvant,  pastyd- 
vant,  hemydvant,  omydvant,  pitrydvant,  viqvddevyavant,  trsydvant, 
posydvant,  tarsydvant,  irdvant,  bhangurdvant,  surdvant,  indrdvant, 
qubhrdvant,  yuvdvant,  devdvant,  tvdvant,  dqvdvant,  kdqdvant,  qavasd- 
vant,  sahasdvant,  prahdvant,  sdhdvant,  sahdvant. 

3.  i  with  vant. 

sdkhivant,  arcivdnt,  pdtivant,  ptiramdhivant,  jdnivant,  agnivdnt, 
rayivdnt,  hdrivant,  vajrivant,  adrivant. 

i  with  mant. 

artimdnt,  afijimdnt,  prdstimant,  abhistimdnt,  pustimdnt,  qrusti- 
mdnt,  rstimdnt,  bhrstimdnt,  vrstimdnt,  svastimdnt,  abdimdnt,  nidhi- 
mdnt,  udanimdnty  agdnimant,  dhtinimant,  rayimdnt,  varimdnt,  dvi- 
mant,  sthivimdnt. 

4.     I  with  vant. 

want,  kivant,  qdcwant,  vrcivant,  asthlvdnt,  qiprinwant,  ghfrilvant, 


26  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

sdrasvafivant,  svddhttivant,  gdkfivant,  sdptivant,  dhivant,  vajiriivant, 
pdtnivant,  gimivant,  tdvislvant,  rsivant,  hfsivant,  kak&xmt. 

I  with  mant. 

dhrajlmant,  hirimant,  vaglmant,  hiranyavafimant,  tdvisimant, 
tvisimant. 

5.  u  with  vant. 
visnuvant. 

u  with  mant. 

krldumdnt,  krdtumant,  gatumdrd,  yatumdnt,  pitumant,  ketumdnt, 
mantumant,  mddhumant,  bdndhumant,  nadanumdnt,  ddnumant, 
bhdnumdnt,  sunumdnt,  dhenumdnt,  vibhumdnt,  rbhumdnt,  dyumdnt, 
manyumd.nt,  gdrumant,  pagumdnt,  paragumdnt,  qiqumant,  an$u- 
mdnt,  isumant,  susumdnt,  harsumdnt,  ksumdnt,  vdsumant. 

6.  u  with  vant. 
visuvdnt. 

u  with  mant. 
vadhumant. 

7.  r  with  vant. 
nrvdnt. 

r  with  mant. 
tvdstrmant,  hdtrmant. 

8.  e  with  vant. 
revdnt. 

9.  o  with  mant. 
gomant. 

Thus  with  vowel-stems  in  the  Rig- Veda  vant  observes  the 
rule  in  141  out  of  155  cases,  or  in  nearly  91  ^,  and  mant  in  51 
out  of  59,  or  in 


§  12.    In  the  Atharva-Veda  we  find  practically  the  same  situa- 
tion as  in  the  Rig- Veda: 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAKT  IN   SANSKRIT. 


27 


Final  Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  wmt 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

41 

0 

2.     a 

28 

0 

3.     i 

3 

5      . 

4.     i 

6 

4 

5.     w 

1 

13 

6.     u 

1 

2 

7.     r 

1 

2 

8.     e 

1 

0 

9.    o 

0 

1 

Total 

82 

27 

The  examples  are : 


1.     a  with  vant. 


punddrikavant,  bhdgavant,  maghdvant,  mujavant,  apdsthdvant, 
ghrtdvant,  dntavant,  prdnaddvant,  pddavant,  prajdnanavant,  dnna- 
vantj  dpavant,  apupdvant,  puspavant,  dmavant,  himdvant,  loma- 
vant,  somavant,  qusmavant,  indriydvant,  hiranyavant,  dpatyavant, 
dditydvant,  avadydvant,  viry&vant,  suryavant,  virdvant,  pavlrdvant, 
ksirdvant,  rudrdvant,  indravant,  phdlavant,  bdlavant,  viqvddeva- 
vant,  dgvavant,  svdvant,  visdvant,  anidriksavant,  rdsavant,  mdnsd- 
vant,  drapsdvant. 

2.  a  with  vant. 

</itikdvant,  hlddikdvant,  prajdvant,  vijdvant,  istdvant,  atisthdvant, 
varandvant,  ddksindvant,  tdvant,  sikatdvant,  agitdvant,  stinftdvant, 
etdvant,  prasthdvant,  maddvant,  svadhdvant,  rocandvant,  samdvant, 
ydtumdvant,  ydvant,  priydvant,  vrsnydvant,  qepydvant,  inrydvant, 
uttardvant,  irdvant,  bhangurdvant,  dgvdvant. 

3.  i  with  vant. 
dddhivant,  harivant,  saptarsivant. 

i  with  mant. 
sphdtimdnt,  jutimdnt,  hetimdnt,  agnimdnt,  dvimant. 


28  THE    SUFFIXES    MAKT  AND    VAKT  IN    SANSKEIT. 

4.  i  with  vant. 

asthu'dnt,  kladivant,  vajinlvant,  qimivant,  dydvaprthivivant,  kaksl- 

vant. 

i  with  mant. 

dsadhlmant,  jyotisimant,  tvisimant,  ulkusimant. 

5.  u  with  vant. 
vdsuvant. 

u  with  mant. 

ydtumdnt,  ketumdnt,  mddhumant,  vciyumdnt,  dyumdnt,  manyu- 
mdnt,  pilumant,  aqumdnt,  anqumdnt,  isumant,  ksumdnt,  vdsumant, 
bdhumdnt. 

6.  u  with  vant. 

visuvdnt. 

u  with  mant. 
vadhumant,  prasumant. 

7.  r  with  vant. 
nrvdnt. 

r  with  mant. 
mdtrmdnt,  pitfmant. 

8.  e  with  vant. 
revdnt. 

9.  o  with  mant. 
gomant. 

Thus  the  Atharva-Veda  follows  the  rule  for  vowel-stems  in 
75  cases  out  of  82  with  vant,  or  in  91^,  and  in  23  out  of  27 
with  mant,  or  in  85  <fc . 

§  13.  The  only  apparent  general  exception  to  the  rules  for 
final  vowel  in  Sanskrit  is  in  the  case  of  o,  which  takes  vant  9 
times  and  mant  4  times.  In  each  of  these  nine  words  the  o  repre- 
sents the  original  final  -as  of  a  noun  in  composition.  A  form 
in  -as-vant  exists  beside  each  form  in  -o-vant.  This  association  of 
the  o  with  as  explains  the  apparent  violation  of  the  rules.  For 
these  9  examples  cf.  Chap,  n,  §  3. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 


29 


§  14.  Next  we  shall  compare  in  regard  to  words  ending  in  a 
consonant  the  degree  of  adherence  to  the  rules  in  the  earlier 
literature  with  that  in  the  later. 

The  following  table  lists  each  vowel  that  occurs  before  a  final 
consonant  and  indicates  the  number  of  words  in  which  each 
suffix  is  used  after  it  thruout  the  entire  literature. 


Penultimate 
Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

120 

2 

2.      d 

10 

1 

3.      i 

12 

16 

4.     I 

2 

0 

5.     u 

14 

31 

6.     u 

1 

0 

7.     r 

4 

1 

8.     o 

0 

1 

Total 

163 

52 

The  examples  follow : 

1.     Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

aksanvdnt,  dngirasvant,  dnasvant,  dnupadasvant,  antdrvant, 
dpnasvant,  arnasvant,  dvasvant,  dvasvadvant,  dgmanvant,  asihan- 
vdnt,  dtmanvdnt,  dsanvdnt,  indrasvant,  udanvdnt,  iidhasvant,  uras- 
vctnt,  urjasvant,  ^nasvant,  ojasvant,  6manvant)  kadvant,  Jcdmvant, 
gartanvdnt,  cdrmanvant,  chdndasvant,  jagadvant,  jdnadvant,  jyayas- 
vant,  tadvant,  tdpasvant,  tdmasvant,  tdrasvant,  tdvasvant,  tvagvant, 
datvdnt,  dadhanvdnt,  damanvant,  ddmanvant,  duvasvant,  drsadvant, 
drdvinasvant,  dhdyadvant,  dhdndntarvant,  dhdrdyadvant,  dhvas- 
manvant,  nadvant,  ndbhasvant,  ndmasvant,  naxvdnt,  pdthanvant, 
padvdnt,  pdyasvant,  paraqvant,  pdrasvant,  pajasvant,  pivasvant, 
punarvant,  pusanvdnt,  pfsadvant,  pfyasvant,  prdthasvant,  prdyas- 
vant,  pravdtvant,  balahanvant,  biidhanvant,  brhddvant,  brdhman- 
vant,  bhdrgasvant,  bhisagvant,  bhiwadvant,  bhrajasvant,  majjan- 
vdnt,  madvant,  mdnasvant,  mahadvant,  mdhasvant,  mdnsanvdnt, 
murdhanvdnt,  medasvant,  ydgasvant,  yahvdnt,  rdbhasvant,  rdjan- 


30  THE    SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

vant,  rodhasvant,  rumanvant,  r£knasvant,  retasvant,  romanvant, 
vddhanvant,  vdnanvant,  vdyasvant,  vdrcasvant,  vdrmanvant,  vinddt- 
vant}  vivakvdnt}1  vivasvant,  vivdsvant,  vrsanvant,  vetasvant,  vydcas- 
vanty  t&jasvant,  gdmvant,  qarddvant,  gdradvant,  qdqvant,2  glrsan- 
vdnt,  gvdinvant,  samvant,  sddvcint,  sdrasvant,  sdhasvant,  sdmanvant, 
suvarvant,  sragvant,  srotasvant,  sv&rvant,  hdrasvant,  hiranvant, 
hteasvant. 

Penultimate  a  with  mant. 

tarasmant,  dasmdnt. 

2.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

tanunapatvant,  dasvanl,  dvdrvant,  pranabhdsvant,  bhdsvant, 
vdgvant,  vdrvant,  vibhdsvant,  svarddvant,  havyavddvant. 

Penultimate  a  with  mant. 
vdnmant. 

3.  Penultimate  i  with  vant. 

agnicitvant,  udagvitvant,  kimvant,  taditvant,  plpisvant,  bhidvant, 
mdhisvant,  qimidvant,  samidvant,  saritvant,  sarpisvant,  hdritvant. 

Penultimate  i  with  mant. 

arcismant,  uparistdjjyotismant,  gudalinmant,  chadismant,  jyotis- 
mant,  tuvismant,  diviimant,  barhismant,  mahdjyotismant,  mahis- 
mant,  rocismant,  qurismant,  qocismant,  sdrpismant,  haritmant, 
havismant. 

4.  Penultimate  I  with  vant. 

dfirvant,  girvant. 

5.  Penultimate  u  with  vant. 

Itakudvant,  kakubhvant,  kumudvant,  ksudvant,  tristubvant,  niytit- 
vant,  padmotpalakumudvant,  punsvant,  purudvant,  marutvant,  vid- 
yutvant,  vidyudvant,  somasutvant,  srugvant. 

1Grassmann  et  al.  consider  this  word  a  primary  derivative  with  vant.  But 
Whitney  (Gram.,  §  789d.)  and  Bartholomae  (KZ.  xxtx,  535)  believe  that  it  is 
an  anomalous  perfect  participle,  vivakvant  is  however  as  good  a  derivative  in 
vant  as  is  vivasvant.  It  may  even  be  secondary. 

"For  two  views  of  this  word  cf.  Grassmann,  Worterbuch,  and  Uhlenbeck, 
Etymologisches  Worterbuch  der  altindischcn  Sprache. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 


31 


Penultimate  u  with  mant. 

dyusmant,  kakudmant,  kakwimant,  kakummant,  ksunmant, 
mant,  cdksusmant,  cir  dyusmant,  dhanusmant,  parisrtinmant,  parus- 
mant,  plnakakudmant,  pinayatakakudmant,  purortinmant,  marut- 
mant,  mahddhanusmant,  midhusmant,  ydjusmant,  rukmant,  rtin- 
mant,  vapusmant,  vihutmant,  vidusmant,  vidyunmant,  viprusmant, 
vlrukmant,  vlracaksusmant,  sahasraksadhanusmant,  *srugmant, 
himanirjharaviprusmant,  hutmant. 

6.  Penultimate  u  with  vant. 
dkiirvant. 

7.  Penultimate  r  with  vant. 

avftvant,  fkvant,  vipfkvant,  vimrdvant. 

Penultimate  r  with  mant. 
rgmant. 

8.  Penultimate  o  with  mant. 
dosmant. 

Thus  in  the  entire  literature  vant  follows  the  rule  after  conso- 
nants in  132  cases  out  of  163,  or  in  81  ft  of  the  words,  mant 
follows  the  rule  in  49  cases  out  of  52,  or  in 


§  15.  The  Rig-  and  Atharva-Vedas  exhibit  at  least  as  close 
an  adherence  to  the  rules  for  mant  and  vant  with  words  ending 
in  a  consonant  as  they  do  to  those  for  words  ending  in  a  vowel. 

The  following  table  gives  the  figures  for  Rig-  Veda. 


Penultimate 
Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

55 

1 

2.     a 

2 

0 

3.     i 

3 

7 

4.     I 

1 

0 

5.     u 

2 

7 

6.     u 

0 

0 

7.     r 

3 

0 

8.     o 

0 

0 

Total 

66 

15 

32  THE   SUFFIXES   MANX  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

The  words  in  Rig- Veda  are : 

1.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

vivakvant,  romdnvant,  vdrmanvant,  pusanvdnt,  vfsanvant,  aksan- 
vdnt,  datvdnt,  pravdtvant,  padvdnt,  garddvant,  pfsadvant,  asthan- 
vdnt,  udanvdnt,  dadhanvdnt,  vdnanvant,  ddmanvant,  omanvant, 
dtmanvdnt,  dgmanvant,  dhvasmanvdnt,  antdrvant,  svarvant,  qdgvant, 
vydcasvant,  pdjasvant,  ojasvant,  urjasvant,  drdvinasvant,  reknas- 
vant,  rodhasvant,  dnasvant,  mdnasvant,  6nasvant,  dpnasvant,  tdpas- 
vant,  ndbhasvant,  rdbhasvant,  ndmasvant,  pdyasvant,  prdyasvant, 
vdyasvant,  pdrasvant,  sdrasvant.  hdrasvant,  dngirasvant,  indras- 
vant,  tdvasvant,1  vivasvant,  vivdsvant,  pivasvant,  yd^asvant,  hesct£- 
vant,  mdhasvant,  sdhasvant,  yahvdnt. 

Penultimate  a  with  mant. 
dasmdnt. 

2.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

ddsvant,  bhdsvant. 

3.  Penultimate  i  with  vant. 
hdritvant,  pipisvant,  mdhisvant. 

Penultimate  i  with  mant. 

divitmant,  qucismant,  gotismant,  jyotismant,  havismant,  tuvismant, 
barhismant. 

4.  Penultimate  I  with  vant. 
afirvant. 

5.  Penultimate  u  with  vant. 

niyutvant,  martitvant. 

Penultimate  u  with  mant. 

virukmant,  garutmant,  vihiitmant,  kakudmant,  vidyunmant,  mld- 
husmant,  cdksusmant. 

'Grassraann  (WB.,  s.  v.)  derives  tdvasvant  "von  tavds  oder  einem  vorauszu- 
setzenden  tavas."  But  there  is  no  necessity  for  assuming  a  stem  tavas.  tavds  is 
very  common  in  the  Veda  and  the  accent  may  easily  have  been  changed  by 
analogy.  Of  the  31  possessives  in  as-vant  in  EV.  30  are  accented  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  the  single  exception,  vivasvant,  has  beside  it  vivasvant. 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAST  IN   SANSKRIT. 


33 


7.     Penultimate  r  with  vant. 
fkvant,  vipfkvant,  dvftvant. 

The  above  figures  show  that  in  the  Rig- Veda  vant  observes  the 
rules  after  consonants  in  58  cases  and  violates  them  in  8,  thus 
following  the  rules  in  88^  of  the  words.  Two  of  these  excep- 
tions are  in  doubt  as  to  their  being  possessives  in  vant,  viz. 
pipisvant1  and  mdhisvant  (cf.  note,  §  19). 

mant  follows  the  rules  in  14  out  of  15  cases,  or  in  93  f0.  The 
single  exception  is  dasmdnt,  a  more  or  less  problematic  a-Traf 
\eyopevov  (RV.  I,  74,  4). 

§  16.  The  Atharva-Veda  exhibits  a  stricter  observance  of  the 
rules  than  even  Rig- Veda. 

The  figures  for  each  suffix  are : 


Penultimate 
Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

39 

0 

2.     a 

0 

0 

3.     i 

0 

2 

4.     I 

0 

0 

5.     u 

1 

3 

6.     u 

0 

0 

7.     r 

0 

0 

8.     o 

0 

0 

Total 

40 

5 

The  words  are  listed  below. 

1  pipisvant,  a  &ira£  \eyt>/j.evov  (RV.  I,  168,  7).  This  word  has  long  been  a 
crux.  The  Petersburg  Lexicon,  followed  by  Monier- Williams,  makes  no  comment 
on  pipisvant  except  to  say  that  it  is  derived  from  the  \/pi  (  =p^).  Grassmann 
adds  that  it  is  the  desiderative  of  this  root.  Benfey  (Grammati/c,  p.  170)  says 
that  pipisvant  is  perhaps  an  anomalous  perfect  active  participle.  Whitney  ( Gram- 
mar, §  1223  g. )  classes  pipisvant  among  words  with  which  vant  has  the  aspect  of 
forming  primary  derivatives,  but  adds  a  (?)  after  the  word.  Sayana  connects  the 
word  with  \/pis,  '  to  crush.'  pipisvant  is  the  only  derivative  with  vant  which 
may  be  said  with  any  great  degree  of  certainty  to  be  primary. 


34  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

1.     Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

brdhmanvant,  aksanvdnt,  girsanvdnt,  datvdnt,  padvdnt,  asthan- 
vdnt,  udanvdnt,  dtmanvdnt,  dgmanvant,  gcanvant,  dsanvdnt,  antdr- 
vantj  svarvant,  qdqvant,  bhdrgasvant,  vydcasvant,  vdrcasvant,  tejas- 
vant,  ojasvant,  urjasvant,  dnupadasvant,  m&dasvant,  nasvdnt,  dnas- 
vant,  tdpasvant,  ndbhasvant,  tamasvant,  ndmasvant,  pdyasvant, 
jyayasvant,  pdrasvant,  sdrasvant,  hdrasvant,  dvasvant,  vwasvant, 
vivdsvant,  ydqasvant,  mdhasvant,  sdhasvant. 

3.     Penultimate  i  with  mant. 
jyotismant,  havismant. 

5.     Penultimate  u  with  vant. 
marvtvant. 

Penultimate  u  with  mant. 

gartitmant,  dyusmant,  cdksusmant. 

Thus  martitvant,  an  obviously  hieratic  archaism,  is  the  only 
violation  of  the  rules  for  either  suffix  among  the  45  possessives 
in  Atharva-Veda  whose  stems  end  in  a  consonant. 

§  17.  From  the  above  comparisons  the  conclusion  will  be 
reached  that,  while  the  distinction  of  usage  between  mant  and 
vant  was  to  a  degree  weakened  in  very  early  times,  and  while  this 
confusion  between  the  suffixes  increased  and  spread  by  a  kind  of 
see-saw  analogy,  still  the  Hindus  never  to  a  very  appreciable 
extent  lost  from  their  linguistic  consciousness  the  feeling  that 
vant  belonged  especially  to  the  a-vowels  and  mant  to  the  u- 
vowels,  even  when  those  vowels  were  protected  by  consonants. 

The  allegiance  between  the  suffixes  and  the  other  vowels  was 
not  so  constant.  In  earliest  times  vant  claimed  all  except  the 
li-vowels.  Later  mant  took  all  non-a  vowels  from  vant  except  I 
until  finally  there  was  a  strong  tendency  to  assign  a  and  a  to 
vant  and  all  other  vowels  to  mant. 

The  historical  process  may  be  sketched  thus : 

1.  Indo-Iranian  and  Avestan :  final  or  penultimate  u,  u  took 
mant ;  the  other  vowels,  vant. 

2.  Vedic  :  final  or  penultimate  a,  a,  I  took  vant ;  the  other 
vowels,  mant. 


THE  SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKEIT. 


35 


3.  Classical  Sanskrit  tendency  to  use  vant  with  a  or  a  and 
mant  with  the  other  vowels. 

We  find  in  the  Veda  that  i  and  I,  for  example,  show  a  decidedly 
stronger  leaning  toward  vant  than  in  the  literature  as  a  whole. 
The  Veda  apparently  represents  a  period  of  transition  from  the 
usage  of  Indo-Iranian,  as  preserved  by  the  Avestan,  to  the  usage 
of  classical  Sanskrit.  The  Indo-Iranian  rule  doubtless  required 
mant  after  final  or  penultimate  u,  u,  and  vant  after  all  other 
vowels,  but  beginning  even  before  the  Vedas  there  is  a  tendency 
toward  restricting  vant  to  a  and  d  and  leaving  the  remaining 
vowels  to  mant.  At  this  point  the  possibility  suggests  itself  that 
vant  was  the  original  suffix  and  that  mant  was  used  in  its  stead 
after  u  or  u  for  the  purpose  of  dissimilation.  The  great  frequency 
of  occurrence  of  the  a-vowels  as  compared  with  that  of  the  other 
vowels  may  easily  have  tended  toward  the  custom  of  limiting  the 
use  of  vant  to  them.  According  to  Whitney's  table  (Grammar, 
§  75)  a  and  d  are  nearly  twice  as  common  in  Sanskrit  as  all  other 
vowels  and  diphthongs  together,  or,  more  accurately,  as  27.97  to 
15.55. 

The  transition  from  1  to  3  (above)  may,  perhaps,  be  best 
illustrated  by  the  statistics  for  i  and  I  in  the  Rig-  and  Atharva- 
Vedas  as  compared  on  the  one  side  with  Avestan  and  on  the 
other  with  Sanskrit  (exclusive  of  the  two  Vedas). 


Avestan 

EV. 

AV. 

Sanskrit 

Final  i-mant 

1 

19 

5 

217 

"     l-    " 

1 

6 

4 

11 

Penultimate  i-mant 

0 

7 

2 

7 

((           i_    a 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Totals 

2 

32 

11 

235 

Final  i-vant 

20 

10 

3 

29 

«      I-  « 

0 

19 

6 

22 

Penultimate  i-vant 

9 

3 

0 

9 

"           l-  " 

1 

1 

0 

1 

Totals 

30 

33 

9 

61 

36  THE   SUFFIXES   MANX  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

It  is  evident  that  i  and  I  have  gradually  gone  over  from  vant 
to  mant.  In  the  Avesta  mant  is  used  with  i,  I  only  twice  out  of 
32  examples,  or  only  a  little  more  than  6  ft,  whereas  in  classical 
Sanskrit  mant  is  used  235  times  out  of  a  total  of  296,  or  nearly 
80%.  In  RV.  and  AV.,  however,  mant  and  vant  are  about 
evenly  divided  after  if  I  (mant  43,  vant  42).  As  might  be 
expected,  RV.  stands  closer  to  the  Indo-Iranian  usage  than  does 
AV.1 

§  18.  Given  two  suffixes  so  similar  in  form  and  signification 
existing  side  by  side  thruout  the  entire  written  history  of  a  lan- 
guage, it  will  cause  no  surprise  to  find  that  each  one  has  frequently 
gone  over  into  the  other's  territory  and  appropriated  its  functions. 
There  is  indeed  occasion  for  surprise  that  one  of  the  suffixes  did 
not  at  some  period  of  the  language  absorb  the  other,  or  at  least 
that  one  of  them  did  not  pass  away  from  its  original  sphere  of 
use  into  some  other  field  of  function  or  meaning  not  already  so 
thoroly  preempted. 

The  immediate  occasions  for  the  encroachment  of  the  suffixes 
upon  each  other  are  in  a  general  way  not  difficult  to  determine. 
Some  of  them  are,  broadly  : 

1.    The  existence  of  two  forms  of  the  same  word  which  require 

1  Wackernagel  ( KZ.  xiJii,  277)  makes  a  rule  for  the  Avesta  and  for  Indo- 
Iranian  that  mant  is  used  with  stems  in  M,  us,  and  ao,  and  vant  with  all  other  stems. 
For  the  Avesta  alone  this  rule  holds  very  well.  But,  especially  in  the  light  of 
the  Veda,  it  seems  to  me  to  be  evident  that,  both  in  Indo-Iranian  and  Avestan, 
only  the  last  vowel  in  the  stem  is  the  determinative  factor  as  to  which  suffix 
follows  it.  Wackernagel  makes  a  point  of  the  fact  that  mant  follows  us,  but  vant 
follows  is,  ah,  &c.  But  it  must  be  noticed  that  in  Avestan,  whatever  the  final 
consonant  may  be,  vant  is  always  (58  cases)  used  with  a  stem  in  which  the  penulti- 
mate vowel  is  a  non-u  vowel.  The  Veda  looks  in  the  same  direction.  Of  the  9 
examples  of  penultimate  u  in  RV.  2  have  vant  and  7  have  mant.  Of  these  7  only 
2  are  stems  ending  in  -us.  Beside  mldhusmant,  caksusmant  we  find  virukmant, 
garutmant,  vihiitmant,  kakudmant,  vidyunmant.  AV.  has  garutmant  as  well  as 
•ayuymant  and  cdkxusmant.  I  cannot  avoid  the  conclusion  that  the  final  consonant 
of  the  stem  has  no  influence  on  the  form  of  the  suffix  but  that  the  preceding 
vowel  determines  which  suffix  is  to  be  used,  regardless  of  the  consonant.  Avestan 
ao  is  Indo-Iranian  au.  With  these  modifications  Wackernagel' s  rule  for  Avestan 
and  Indo-Iranian  is  then  equivalent  to  mine  above — that  final  or  penultimate  u, 
u  took  mant  and  the  remaining  vowels  vant.  Cf.  §  21. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANX  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  37 

different  suffixes.     The  more  common  one  of  the  two  will  attract 
the  suffix  of  the  other  into  agreement  with  its  own  suffix. 

Examples  are : 
f&jasvant,  tejovant. 
dhrtimant,  dhrtamant. 
jdmbavant,  jdmbuvant. 

2.  Assonance  of  a  word  or  line,  alliteration  or  dissimilation 
may  demand  one  suffix  or  the  other  in  violation  of  the  gram- 
matical rules.     Possible  examples  are  : 

kdnvamant.  The  mant  may  be  due,  as  Schulze  suggests  (KZ. 
xxxix,  612),  to  disinclination  against  two  successive  ra's,  but 
the  weight  of  evidence  of  other  words  is  decidedly  against  such 
an  explanation  (cf.  under  ydvamant,  5,  below).  The  word  is  a 
aira^  \ey6fjbevov,  and  there  is  a  bare  possibility  that  mant  was 
used  for  the  sake  of  m-alliteration. 

The  text  is  RV.  vm,  2,  22  : 

a  in  sinca  kdnvamantam  nd  ghd  vidma  cavasdndt 
yacdstaram  catdmiiteh. 

marutvant.  vant  was  perhaps  used  for  the  sake  of  dissimilation 
from  the  initial  ra ;  cf.  garutmant.  (Cf.  also  vdnmant,  vibhava- 
mant,  mramant,  etc.) 

3.  Wrong  readings.     Many  exceptions  to  the  rules  exist  in 
only  a  single  example,  or  in  unauthoritative  literature,  and  are 
frequently  due  to  wrong  or  doubtful  readings  of  the  text. 

Some  such  examples  are  : 

riipamati,  name  of  a  queen.  Found  only  in  a  Nepal  inscrip- 
tion (cf.  Indian  Antiquary,  ix,  188.  9loka  7). 

rdjamatl  was  the  name  of  another  wife  of  the  same  king  as 
jRupamatl,  above.  Cf.  the  same  inscription,  Indian  Antiquary, 
ix,  188,  189.  This  word  is  quoted  neither  in  the  Petersburg 
Lexicon  nor  in  Momer-Williams'  Dictionary. 

cubhramati,  name  of  a  river.  Probably  a  wrong  reading  for 
cabhravati,  which  is  also  the  name  of  a  river.  Cf.  Lassen's 
Indische  Alterthumskunde,  n,  802. 


38  THE    SUFFIXES    MANT   AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

stanayitnuvant  is  a  wrong  reading  for  stanayitnumant  in  the 
Calcutta  edition  of  the  Mahabharata,  6,  731. 

tarasmant  is  in  the  Harivanca  (i,  7,  87)  a  varia  lectio  for  the 
familiar  tdrasvant.  It  does  not  appear  elsewhere. 

dasmdnt,  a  problematic  a-Traf  \e^6^evov  (RV.  I,  74,  4). 

akdramant  is  found  only  in  the  Raja-Taranginl.  dkdravant 
occurs  in  the  Katha-sarit-sagara  and  elsewhere. 

dhrtamati,  name  of  a  river,  makes  its  only  appearance  in  the 
Visnu-Pura  a,  184.  The  Petersburg  Lexicon  calls  it  a  "falsche 
Form  fur  dhrtimafi."  The  latter  is  the  name  of  a  river  in  the 
Mahabharata. 

suryamafi  occurs  only  as  the  name  of  a  princess  in  the  Raja- 
Tarangini  (7,  152  and  179).  suryavant  is  common  from  the 
Veda  on,  and  suryavafi  is  the  name  of  a  princess  in  the  Vasava- 
datta. 

prdnamdnt  appears  only  in  the  Maitrayani-Samhita  (1,  6,  12), 
whereas  prdnavant,  the  normal  form,  is  found  in  Katyayana- 
Qrauta-Sutra,  Qakuntala,  Harivaii9a,  and  Su9ruta-Samhita. 

lalamafi  is  quotable  only  for  a  Nepal  inscription  where  it  is  the 
name  of  a  queen.  Cf.  Indian  Antiquary,  ix,  185  (Petersburg 
Lexicon  wrongly  has  158),  yloka  9.  This  word  is,  doubtless,  like 
Idlavant  derived  from  laid.  The  latter  possessive  appears  in 
Su9ruta-Samhita. 

4.  The  tendency  to  use  vant  instead  of  mant  in  the  meaning 
"  containing  the  root  or  word  "  (cf.  Chap,  in,  §  3). 

The  examples  of  vant  in  this  sense  with  z-stems  may  be  con- 
sidered violations  of  the  existing  phonetic  rules  instead  of  sur- 
vivals from  the  time  when  i  properly  took  vant.  The  very 
meaning  of  the  words  indicates  that  they  belong  to  the  post-Vedic 
period  when  mant  had  replaced  vant  after  i. 

Some  examples  are  : 

hdrivant,  '  containing  the  word  hari ' ;  cf.  harimant. 
trivant,  'containing  the  word  tri*. 
bhidvant,  '  containing  the  y  bhid '. 
pretivant,  '  containing  the  word  preti '. 
vivant,  ' containing  the  word  vi\ 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  39 

ehivant,  'containing  the  word  ehi'. 
abhivant,  '  containing  the  word  abhi'. 

vahnivant,  ' containing  the  word  vahni'  •  cf.  the  normal  form 
with  normal  meaning,  vahnimant,  '  containing  fire '. 
jaghnivant,  l  containing  an  intensive  form  of  j/  han '. 
namovrktivant,  l  containing  the  word  namovrkti  '. 
parivant,  '  containing  the  word  pari  '. 
etivant,  '  containing  a  form  of  the  j/i  (etiy. 

5.  The  whole  broad  sweep  of  analogy  with  all  its  possibilities 
of  chance  resemblance  and  remote  suggestion,  so  easy  in  its 
operation  and  so  difficult  in  the  tracing  thereof.  A  couple 
examples  follow : 

ydvamant.  Schulze  (KZ.  xxxix,  612)  thinks  that  mant  was 
used  instead  of  vant  in  order  to  avoid  the  cacophony  of  vava. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  kdnvamant,  vibhavamant  and  alpasva- 
mant,  but  these  exhaust  the  list.  On  the  other  hand  the  number 
of  words  in  which  vavant  is  found  is  large.  Besides  devdvant, 
which  Schulze  mentions,  are  dgvavant  (also  in  RV.),  gduravavant, 
javavant,  jlvavant,  tattvavant,  pakvavant,  parvavant,  purvavant, 
plavavant,  bhavavant,  lavavant,  vibhavavant,  viqvavant,  sattvavant, 
sarvavant,  svatvavant,  svdvant,  havavant.  In  such  cases,  Schulze 
thinks,  analogy  has  been  stronger  than  euphony.  Or,  he  enquires, 
could  the  cacophony  have  been  considered  more  objectionable  in 
unaccented  vava  than  in  accented  vdva?  Thus  ydvamant,  Jcdnva- 
manty  but  devdvant.  Against  this  suggestion  stand  dgvavant, 
vigvddevavant,  vigvavant. 

ydvamant,  '  containing  barley/  '  abundance  of  grain,'  very 
probably  takes  mant  thru  the  influence  of  other  words  expressing 
possession  of  wealth,  such  as  gomant,  paqumdnt,  vdsumant,  rdyi- 
mant,  pustimdnt,  all  of  which  are  good  Rig-Vedic  words,  ydva- 
mant is  found  four  times  in  Rig-Veda  and  in  three  of  them  is  in 
immediate  connection  with  such  words.  The  phrase  gomad  ydva- 
mat  is  found  twice  and  ydvamad  gomat  once. 

The  passages  are  : 

RV.  vin,  93,  3. 

sd  na  indrah  givdh  sdkhagvavad  gomad  ydvamat 
urudhdreva  dohate 


40  THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

RV.    IX,    69,   8. 

a  nah  pavasva  vdsumad  dhiranyavad 
dqvdvad  gomad  ydvamat  suviryam 
yuydm  hi  soma  pitdro  mdma  sthdna 
divo  murdhdnah  prdsthitd  vayaskftah 

RV.  x,  42,  7. 

drdc  chdtrum  dpa  bddhasva  durdm 
ugro  ydh  gdmbah  puruhuta  tena 
asme  dhehi  ydvamad  gomad  indra 
krdhi  dhiyam  jaritr&  vdjaratndm 

The  fourth  passage  is 

RV.  x,  131,  2. 

kuvid  angd  ydvamanto  ydvam  aid 
ydthd  ddnty  anupurvdm  viyuya 
ihehdisdm  krnuhi  bhojandni 
y&  barhiso  ndmovrJdim  ndjagmiih 

Here  the  ydvam  has  doubtless  operated  with  regressive  verbal 
assimilation  upon  the  preceding  ydvamantas  resulting  in  the  form 
with  mant  instead  of  a  form  with  vant. 

visnuvant  occurs  only  once  in  Rig- Veda  (vin,  35,  14).  In  this 
passage  it  stands  between  dngirasvant  and  maridvant.  The  former 
adds  its  suffix  regularly  and  is  a  good  Vedic  word.  The  latter, 
while  it  adds  its  suffix  irregularly,  is  a  very  widely  used  word, 
appearing  in  Rig- Veda  alone  40  times.  In  all  three  words  vant 
expresses  accompaniment,  and  it  was  probably  the  influence  of  the 
two  other  possessives  which  caused  the  word  visnu  to  take  the 
suffix  vant  in  this  one  passage.1  The  text  reads 

dngirasvantd  utd 
vfanuvantd  mariitvantd 
jarittir  gachatho  hdvam 
sayosasd  usdsd  suryena  cdditydir 

§  19.    In  Sanskrit  55  words  are  at  one  time  or  another  found 
1  Wackernagel  ( KZ.  XLIII,  280)  makes  a  similar  suggestion. 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANX  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT.  41 

with  both  mant  and  vant.  15  of  these  appear  either  in  RV.  or 
AV.  with  one  suffix  or  the  other  and  4  appear  with  both  suffixes. 
The  remaining  40  instances  belong  almost  entirely  to  classical 
Sanskrit. 

The  Vedic  examples  are  : 

arcimdnt  (RV.)  beside  arcivdnt  (RV.) 

agnimdnt  (AV.)  "  agnivdnt  (RV.) 

mahismant  "  mdhisvant  (RV.) 1 

marutmant  "  marutvant  (RV.,  AV.) 

patimaM  "  pdtivatl  (RV.) 

janimant  "  jdnivant  (RV.) 

haritmant  "  hdritvant  (RV.) 2 

dhimant  "  dhivant  (RV.) 

visnumant  "  visnuvant  (RV.)  cf.  §  18-5. 

tdvislmant  (RV.)  "  tdvisivant  (RV.) 

harimant  "  hdrivant  (RV.,  AV.) 

gafdimant  "  gdktivant  (RV.) 

rayimdnt  (RV.)  "  rayivdnt  (RV.) 3 

1This  word  is  a  tfira£  \ey6/j.€vov  (RV.  vii,  68,  5).  Its  form  is  mafasrantarn. 
Grassmann  makes  it  a  possessive  in  zrani  from  mafa's  ( -j/  I.  maA) .  Monier-Wil- 
liams  (Diet.,  s.  v. )  makes  the  word  an  accusative  of  mdhisvanta  which  he  ques- 
tioningly  derives  from  mahis  (j/  I.  mah).  Monier- Williams  (loc.  cit.)  follows 
the  Petersburg  Lexicon  in  considering  mahisa  the  base  of  mahismant.  I  follow 
Whitney  (§§  1233e.,  1235f.)  in  deriving  both  words  from  mahi  with  an  inserted 
s  (as  in  indrasvant).  Cf.  Chap.  II,  §  9. 

aharitvant,  'gold-colored,'  (a  <5bra|  \ey6fjievov,  RV.  x,  112,  3)  has  heretofore 
been  derived  from  harit,  id.  But  if  that  were  the  case  we  would  expect  the  accent 
to  be  thrown  forward  upon  the  suffix,  and  we  should  have  *haritvdnt  (cf.  Whit- 
ney, Grammar,  §  1233a. ).  It  is  much  more  likely  that  hdritvant  is  derived  from 
hdrita,  with  loss  of  final  stem-vowel  (cf.  Chap,  n,  §6).  hdritais  common  in  RV. 
and  has  the  same  meaning  as  harit.  The  accents  of  hdrita  and  hdritvant  agree 
perfectly. 

3  revdnt  (Avestan  raevant),  according  to  the  assumption  of  the  Petersburg 
Lexicon,  is  a  contraction  of  rayivdnt.  With  this  view  agree  Grassmann,  Bar- 
tholomae  and  Monier- Williams.  It  is,  nevertheless,  open  to  question.  Rig- 
Veda  uses  revdnt  58  times,  rayivdnt  four  times  and  the  elsewhere  more  common 
form  rayimdnt  twice.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  three  of  these  four  instances 
of  rayivdnl  occur  in  the  sixth  book  (vi,  6,  7;  VI,  44,  1 ;  VI,  68,  5).  The  other 
case  is  I,  129,  7.  For  Atharva-Veda  revdnt  is  quotable  9  times,  but  rayivdnt  and 
rayimdnt  do  not  appear. 


42 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 


nrmant  besides  nrvdnt  (KV.,  AV.) 
rgmant        "        fkvant 


§  20.    Following  are  the   other  words 

that   are  at  any  time 

found  with  both  mant  and  vant,  making  55 

such  words  in  all. 

dkdra 

bandhu 

uddn  (cf.  Chap,  n,  §  9f.) 

bdhu 

kakud 

brhaspati 

ksudh1 

bhd 

jaya 

mani2 

tdras 

mati 

darl 

mukti 

dhrta 

yagas3 

pitf 

ragmi 

prpii 

rdjan 

prdna 

rupa 

vasu 

Idla 

vahni 

sdmrddhi 

saptarsi 

sarpis  4 

vac5 

sddhu 

vidyut6 

sdbhra 

vibhava 

surya 

mra 

stanayitnu 

?ubhra  (cf.  Chap.  11,  §  4) 

sruc7 

§  21.  The  operation  of  the  rules  governing  the  use  of  the 
suffixes  after  final  consonants  is  well  illustrated  by  the  figures  for 
s  and  s  in  the  table  of  §  3.  It  will  be  seen  that  after  final  s  mant 
is  nearly  always  used  (28  out  of  31  cases),  and  that  after  final  s 
vant  is  customary  (57  out  of  59  cases).  The  explanation  of 

1  kqudvant,  ksunmant. 

'manimant,  manlrati  (cf.  Chap,  n,  §4). 

sydfasvant,  ycqovant,  yafomali. 

4  sdrpismant,  sarpkvant. 

5  vagvant,  vdnmant. 

6  vidyutvant,  vidyudvant,  vidytinmant. 
1  srdugmata,  nom.  prop.,  srugvant. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  43 

course  is  that  both  finals  were  originally  a,  and  that  in  the  first 
case  the  s  was  changed  to  s  by  the  influence  of  the  "alterant" 
(cf.  Whitney,  §  180c.)  vowels  (usually  i  or  it)  which  preceded  it 
and  which,  according  to  the  rule,  demanded  the  mant  suffix.  In 
the  latter  case  the  s  was  retained  because  preceded  by  a  or  a,  and 
vant  was  employed  for  the  same  reason  (cf.  Whitney,  Gram/mar, 
§§180  and  184b.). 


CHAPTER   II. 

SAMDHI. 

§  1.  As  Whitney  points  out  (Grammar,  §§  Hid.,  1233L, 
1235f.),  while  possessive  mant  and  vant  are  usually  added  to 
noun-stems  according  to  the  rules  of  internal  combination,  they 
very  frequently,  especially  in  the  later  language,  follow  the  rules 
of  external  combination.  This  latter  fact  is  of  course  due  to  the 
native  conception  of  these  suffixes  as  more  or  less  independent 
entities  of  fixed  and  well-known  value,  and  consequently  of  their 
right  to  be  treated  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  final  elements 
of  compounds. 

§  2.  The  usual  rules  of  internal  combination  are  followed. 
Thus: 

aksanvant  <  aksan, 

pusanvant  <  pusan, 

brdhmanvant  <  brahman, 

dyusmant  <  dyus, 

cdksusmant  <  caksus, 

kdmvant  <  kam, 

qdmvant  <  gam  (Qatapatha-Brahmana  and  Katyayana-Qrauta- 
Sutra  have  kdmvant  and  qdmvant.  Cf.  Whit- 
ney, Gram.,  §  212b.), 

kimvant  <  1dm. 

§  3.    In  the  following  words  the  suffixes  are  added  to  the  stem 


44  THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

according  to  the  rules  of  external  combination.  Some  of  these 
cases  are  found  even  in  the  Veda,  but  they  become  much  more 
numerous  in  the  later  literature. 

angirovant  (cf.  dngirasvant}, 
cetomant  <  cetas, 
chandovatl  (cf.  clidndasvanf), 
tapovant  (cf.  tdpasvant,  with  different  meaning), 
tamovant  (cf.  tdmasvant,  with  same  meaning), 
tejovant  (cf.  t&jasvant), 
manovatl  <  manas, 
medovafi  (cf.  medasvati), 
yagomatl  (cf.  next  and  yd$asvan(), 
yagovant  (cf.  preceding  and  ydgasvanf), 
rodhovatl  (cf.  r6dhasvant\ 
fkvant  <  re  (cf.  next), 
rgmant  <  re,  (cf.  preceding), 
rukmant  <  ntc, 
runmant  <  id., 
vdgvant  <  vac, 
vanmatl  <  id., 
srugvant  <  sn«c, 

*srugmant  <  id.  (sraugmata,  nom.  prop.), 
tvagvant  <  toac, 
purorunmant  <  puroruc, 
svarddvant, 
havyavddvant, 
vimrdvant  <  vimrdh, 
virukmant  <  vzVwc, 
bhisagvant  <  bhisaj, 
sragvant  <  srq/, 

dvasvadvant  <  avasvat  (avasvanfy, 
jagadvant  <  jagat, 
jdnadvant  <  jdnat, 
dhdyadvant  <  dhayati  (cf.  §  6), 
dhdrdyadvant  <  dhdrayat, 
pfsadvant  <  pfsat, 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  45 

brhddvant  <  brhat, 

bhuvadvant  <  bhuvat, 

mahadvant  <  mahat, 

sadvant  <  sat, 

vidyudvant  ("  wrong  reading  " — Mon.-Wms.,  cf.  vidyutvanfy, 

vidytinmant   ("  with    irregular    assimilation    of  t " — Whitney, 

Gram.,  §  1235b.), 
parisrunmant  <  parisrut, 
kaktinmant  (cf.  kaktidmant), 
ksudvant  <  ksudh, 
ksunmant  <  id., 
samidvant  <  samidh, 
tristubvant  <  tristubh, 
kakummatl  (cf.  kakubhvanfy, 
gudalinmant  <  gudalih. 

In  KV.  x,  106,  5  Grassraann  boldly  substitutes  a  form  of 
$dtavant  for  "  das  unverstandliche  qatapanta  "  of  the  text.  This 
gdtavant,  if  it  existed,  would  then  be  a  derivative  of  gdta,  a  vrddhi 
form  of  qata  which  is  found  only  in  composition,  and  would  be 
equivalent  to  gatdvant. 

Whitney  (Gram.,  §  1233i.)  includes  agwvant  in  his  list  of 
examples  of  external  combination.  He  must  then  consider  the 
word  derived  from  a  form  ending  in  s  (cf.  Whitney,  §  174) ; 
probably  not  however  from  agis,  ( prayer ',  '  blessing ',  which 
appears  in  composition  as  aglr,  for  in  §  1233c.  he  translates  the 
possessive  'mixed  with  milk'.  But  dqirvant  is  beyond  doubt 
derived  from  a$ir,  <a  warm  mixture',  especially,  'the  milk  which 
is  mixed  with  the  soma  juice ',  and  is  so  considered  by  Grassmann 
and  Monier- Williams.  The  possessive  occurs  twice  in  Rig- Veda, 
both  times  in  agreement  with  soma.  For  an  explanation  of  the 
long  I  notice  Whitney,  Gram.,  §  39 2b.  and  c.,  and  glrvant,  <  gir. 

§  4.  Diastole.  Aside  from  the  changes  of  final  consonants 
usual  to  internal  and  external  combination,  stems  frequently 
undergo  other  alterations  before  the  possessive  suffixes.  One  of 
these  is  lengthening  of  the  final  stem-vowel.  (Cf.  Panini,  vi,  3  : 
119,  120,  131;  Whitney,  §§  247,  517;  Wackernagel,  vol.  i, 


46  THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

§§  41,  42,  264  ff.,  vol.  II,  §  56,  the  last  mentioned  grammar 
especially  for  further  references.) 

This  lengthening  is  very  common,  occurring  in  considerably 
over  100  words.  The  list  would  probably  be  much  increased  if 
in  a  number  of  cases  it  were  possible  to  determine  with  certainty 
whether  the  possessive  was  derived  from  a  feminine  stem  or  from 
a  masculine  stem  with  the  final  vowel  lengthened. 

Panini  (vi,  3,  119)  formulates  a  rule  that  before  the  suffix 
mant  (or  vanf)  the  final  vowel  of  a  more  than  two-syllabled  word 
is  lengthened  in  a  proper  name,  and  in  many  other  cases  in  the 
Veda  (vi,  3,  131).  This  prolongation  however  is  simply  that 
which  is  common  in  the  Veda  to  the  final  vowel  of  any  first 
member  of  a  compound,  but  which  is  largely  restricted  to  the 
lengthening  of  final  a  before  v  (cf.  Whitney,  §  247  ;  Wackernagel, 
vol.  i,  §§  41,  42,  264  ff.,  vol.  n,  §  56a.).  With  this  lengthening 
that  of  the  stems  before  the  possessive  suffixes  agrees  closely. 
These  possessives  are  frequently  considered  and  treated  as  com- 
pounds (cf.  §§1  and  3).  Moreover,  in  98  out  of  127  cases  the 
lengthening  of  final  vowel  is  restricted  to  that  of  a  before  v.  In 
many  of  the  examples  however  the  lengthening  follows  the  loss 
of  a  final  n  (cf.  §  7). 

Out  of  these  127  cases  of  lengthening  99  are  of  a,  22  of  i,  and 
6  of  u.  They  are  thus  divided  between  the  suffixes  : 

a  before  vant  98,  before  mant  1  ; 
i  "  "  18,  "  "4; 
u  "  "  1,  "  "  5. 

(Cf.  Whitney's  statement,  §§  1233b.,  1235a.,  d.)  The  final  vowel 
is  lengthened  before  mant  only  half  as  frequently  as  would  be 
expected  from  the  relative  number  of  mant  and  vant  suffixes. 

Panini  considers  this  a  Vedic  lengthening  and  Whitney  is 
satisfied  to  say,  "A  final  vowel  .  .  .  is  in  many  words  lengthened 
in  the  older  language."  It  is  true  that  the  origin  and  the  home  of 
this  lengthening  is  in  the  Veda,  but  both  grammarians  apparently 
fail  to  realise  the  extent  of  the  phenomenon  in  the  later  language. 
Out  of  the  127  words  listed  below  73  are  found  neither  in  Rig- 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKBIT.  47 

Veda  nor  in  Atharva- Veda,  while  35  are  found  in  Rig- Veda,  9 
in  Atharva- Veda,  and  10  in  both  Vedas. 

This  prolongation  of  the  final  stem-vowel  seems  to  have  been 
favored  by  the  feminine  form  of  the  suffix.  In  46  cases  out  of 
the  127  below  of  lengthened  stem- vowel  the  possessive  is  found 
only  in  the  feminine  (i.  e.  mail,  vati),  whereas  out  of  127  posses- 
sives  in  mant  and  vant  selected  at  random  only  7  were  found  to 
be  used  in  the  feminine  only.  These  figures  indicate  a  decided 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  final  vowel  of  the  stem  to  lengthen 
when  it  is  followed  by  the  feminine  form  of  the  suffix.1  It  was 
doubtless  this  fact  which  resulted  in  the  mechanical  rule  of 
Panini  quoted  above,  viz.  that  the  final  vowel  ...  of  a  word  is 
lengthened  in  a  proper  name,  for,  with  but  very  few  exceptions 
(such  as  garbhavatl,  udhasvati),  all  words  which  have  only  the 
feminine  form  of  the  suffixes  are  proper  names.  Professor  Bloom- 
field  suggests,  with  much  plausibility,  that  the  explanation  of  the 
large  proportion  of  feminine  possessives  with  lengthened  final 
vowel  of  the  primitive  is  to  be  found  in  an  effort  to  put  the 
original  stem  into  word-rhythm  with  the  suffix,  matt,  vati. 

Examples  of  the  lengthening  of  the  final  vowel  of  the  stem 
before  mant  and  vant  follow  : 

manthivant  <  manikin  (cf.  manthivanf), 
anjandvafl, 

amardvati  (cf.  Panini,  VI,  3,  119), 
a^itdvant,  AV.  (Padap.  has  &), 

dgvavant  (cf.  dqvavant  and  Panini,  vi,  3,  131.  See  also  Uhlen- 
beck,  WJS.t  s.  v.  dpvdvant), 

asthlvdnt  (cf.  Panini,  vin,  2,  12), 

Jcaplvant,2  nom.  prop.  (cf.  Panini,  vni,  2,  11), 

istdvant, 

indrdvant  (cf.  indravant  and  indrasvanf), 

1  For  further  evidence  of  this  lengthening  and  for  a  number  of  examples  see 
note  to  dhumdvatl,  below. 

1  The  right  of  this  word  to  stand  here  depends  upon  whether  or  not  this  gentle- 
man restricted  his  collection  of  monkeys  to  females.  The  fact  however  that 
kaplvant  is  also  the  name  of  a  river  would  indicate  that  the  word  belongs  in  this 
list. 


48  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

indriydvant  (cf.  indriydvant  and  Panini,  vi,  3,  131), 

rtviyavant  (cf.  rtviyavant^1 

r&ivant, 

udumbaravaM  (cf.  Panini,  vi,  3,  119), 

uttaravant, 

utpaldvati, 

osadhimantj 

kanakdvafi  (cf.  kanakavati), 

kagerumant  (cf.  Jcagerumanfy, 

kugdvafi,  (cf.  kuqavant), 

krgandvant, 

kruilcdmani, 

ksemdvatl  (cf.  ksemavant), 

ghfnivant, 

candrdvafi,, 

campakdvatl  (cf.  campakavati), 

jaydvaR  (cf.  jayavant  and  jayamant), 

jrmbhdvant, 

tdmrdvati, 

tvisimant  (cf.  tvisimant), 

durgavati, 


devdvant  (cf.  devdvanf), 
dvdrdvatl  (cf.  dvdravati), 
dhumdvafa  (cf.  dhumavanfy,2 

1  This  word  belongs  here  if,  as  the  Petersburg  Lexicon,  Grassmann  and  Monier- 
Williams  think,  it  comes  from  rtviya,  a  Kig-Vedic  adjective  meaning  '  in  proper 
time,'   'regular.'     In  this  case  there  would  be  no  change  of  meaning  when  the 
suffix  is  added  and  the  possessive  would  belong  to  Class  4  (Chap,  in,  §  4).    But  it 
is  possible  that  rtviyavant  is  derived  from  the  Atharva-Vedic  noun  rtviyd,   'a 
woman  in  her  courses.'     It  would  then  belong  to  Class  16  (Chap,  in,  §  16),  and 
would  mean  'like  a  woman  in  her  courses,'  i.  e.,  'regular,'  'in  proper  time.' 

2  This  word  is  evidence  of  the  tendency  of  the  final  vowel  of  the  primitive  to 
lengthen  before  the  feminine  form  of  the  suffix,  in  that  the  possessive  stem  from 
which  the  feminine  is  derived  retains  its  vowel  unlengthened.     Other  such  exam- 
ples  are:    kufdvati   (ku$avani),    ksemdvatl   (kxemavant),   padmdvatl    (padmavant), 
prasthdvati  (prasthavant),  premdvati  (premavant),  brahmdvatl  (brahmavant)  ,  bhad- 
rdvatl  (bhadravant)  ,  ratndvati  (ratnavant),  vasumatl  (rasumant,  vasurant),  vetrdvati 
(vetravant),  fardvati  (qaravant),  ^rutdvatl  (yutavant),  salildvatl  (salilavant)  ,  somdvatl 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANX  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  49 

dhrdjimant, 

nirdhdvant  (varia  lectio  for  nirdhavavanfy, 

padmdvati  (cf.  padmavanf), 

pardvant  (cf.  paravanfy, 

pargumant, 

pidakdvant, 

pdrddvantj 

pdtaldvatl, 

pitrydvant, 

pippaldvafi,, 

purdvatl, 

puskar  avail  (cf.  Panini,  vi,  3,  119) 

pustdvant, 

puspdvant  (cf.  ptispavanfy, 

posydvant, 

prasthdvafi  (cf.  prasthavanfy, 

premdvatl  <  preman  (cf.  premavanf), 

phandvant  (cf.  phanavanf), 

barhdndvant, 

brahmdvafi  (cf.  brahmavant  and  brdhmanvanC), 

bhanguravant  (RY.  vn,  104,  7,  &c.     Pad.  bhangurdvant), 

bhadrdvatl  (cf.  bhadravanf), 

mahimdvant  <  maMman,1 

maddvant, 

malaydvatl  (cf.  malayavafi), 

magakdvatt  (cf.  Panini,  vi,  3,  119), 

(somavant),  hansdvati  (hansavant),  himdvatl  (himavant),  manivatl  (manimant), 
ahlvati  (ahimant),  bhogdvatl  (bhogavdnt).  Of  course  in  many  of  these  cases  femi- 
nines  are  made  also  from  the  possessives  with  unlengthened  final  stem-vowel,  but 
in  all  the  above  examples  the  vowel  is  lengthened  only  before  the  feminine  form 
of  the  suffix,  and  not  before  the  masculine  or  neuter. 

1  Whitney  (Gram.,  §  1233e.)  considers  this  word  an  example  of  the  insertion 
of  a  between  stem  and  suffix.  In  that  case  he  is  certainly  justified  in  calling  the 
word  "odd."  Monier- Williams  derives  the  possessive  from  *mahimd  which  he 
makes  a  feminine  =  mahiman  and  translates  then  'greatness.'  But  there  is  no 
justification  for  assuming  mahimd  as  a  separate  feminine  noun.  It  is  simply 
mahiman,  with  n  dropped  and  a  lengthened  in  composition,  which  is  the  only 
position  in  which  the  form  mahimd  is  found.  And  this  is  what  we  have  in 
mahimdvant. 


50  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

mdhindvant, 

munlvatl  (cf.  Panini,  vm,  2,  11), 

mrgavatl  (cf.  mrgavafi), 

sacandvant, 

samdvant, 

yavydvatly 

ratndvatl  (cf.  rdtnavani), 

raqmlvdnt  (cf.  ragmivant  and  ragmimant), 

lasandvati, 

vangdvati  (cf.  Panini,  vi,  3,  120), 

vacandvant, 

vanakapivant, 

vaytindvant  (cf.  vayunavant'), 

varandvati, 

vasumati  (cf.  vdsumant  and  vdsuvant), 

vdtdvant  (cf.  vdtavanf), 

vibhumdnt  (cf.  vibhumdnf), 

vigvddevydvant  (cf.  Panini,  VI,  3,  131), 

wfyavani  (cf.  vigvavanC), 

visuvdnt  (cf.  visuv&nfy, 

ddksindvant,1 

vlrydvant  (cf.  viryctvant), 

qubhravant  (cf.  qubhravcdl  and  gubhramati),2 

vrkkdvatt, 

gatdvant  (cf.  gatdvant}* 

vfsnydvant, 

vrjinlvant  (  =  vrjinavanfy, 

vetdvant, 

1  Grassmann  lists  daksinavani  as  two  words,  the  first  from  daksina  with  length- 
ening of  the  a,  and  the  second  from  daksina.     The  former  he  translates,  not  at  all 
plausibly,   'tiichtig,'   'kraftig,'  and  the  latter  'reichlichen  Opferlohn  gebend,' 
'gabenreich.'     For  Grassmann' s  views  as  to  the  semantics  involved  cf.  his  Wor- 
lerbuch,  s.  v.  daksina. 

2  f vbhravant  occurs  once  in  Eig-Veda  (ix,  15,  3).     Padap.  has  pubhravant. 

3  fatdvant  is  considered  a  possessive  by  some  and  translated  like  fatdvant,  'con- 
taining or  possessing  a  hundred,'  but,  far  less  probably,  is  resolved  by  others  into 
fata  +  avant  (present  participle  <  l/at>)  and  translated  '  helping  a  hundred-fold.' 
The  discussion  centers  round  EV.  vi,  47,  9. 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAN!  IN    SANSKKIT.  51 

vetrdvatl  (cf.  vetravant'), 

gdktivant  (cf.  gaktimanfy, 

gardvaft  (cf.  garavanfy, 

qundvant  (cf.  gundvanfy, 

qrutdvatl  (cf.  grutavanf), 

sdptwant, 

sarvdvant  (cf.  sarvavant), 

salildvatl  (cf.  salilavanf), 

sdhdvant, 

sahdvant  (cf.  §  7,  end), 

sidhrakdvant, 

sutdvant  (cf.  sutavanfy, 

sukhdvant  (cf.  sukhavant), 

srkdvant  (cf.  srkavanf), 

srgdvant  (cf.  srgavanf), 

somdvatl  (cf.  somavant  and  Panini,  vi,  3,  131), 

sphurjdvant, 

svddhitlvant, 

hansdvatl  (cf.  hansavant), 

hanumant  (cf.  hanumanf), 

hitdvant  (cf.  hitavant  and  Chap,  in,  §  6), 

himdvati  (cf.  himavanf), 

hirlmant  <  Mri  =  Adri  (cf.  harimant  and  hdrivanfy, 

hfslvant  <  Arst  =  harsa, 

hlddikdvant, 

hlddukdvant, 

bhogdvati  (cf.  bhogavdnt], 

vlrandvatl  (cf.  Panini,  vi,  3,  119), 

mamvatl  (cf.  manimant  and  Panini,  vm,  2,  11), 

ahwatl  (cf.  ahimant  and  Panini,  vm,  2,  11). 

To  these  examples  must  be  added  those  formed  in  very  early 
times  from  pronomimal  stems  (cf.  Chap,  in,  §  16  and  Whitney, 
Gram.,  §§  457,  494,  517,  1233f.).  They  are: 

mdvanty 
tvdvant, 


52  THE  SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

yuvavant, 

tavant, 

etdvant, 

ydvant, 

want, 

kivant. 

§  5.  Systole.  In  a  number  of  well-authenticated  words  the 
final  long  stem-vowel  of  the  primitive  is  shortened  before  the 
possessive  suffix.  Whitney  calls  this  shortening  a  "  special 
irregularity."  It  appears  however  in  a  score  of  words.  In  most 
cases  it  is  either  a  wrong  reading  or  the  vowel  has  been  shortened 
metri  causa.  Or  the  shortening  may  be  due  in  a  case  or  two  to 
analogy  with  the  original  stem  of  the  noun.  Thus  irsyavant, 
1  envious ',  seems  to  be  from  irsyd,  '  envy '.  The  vowel  was 
perhaps  shortened  thru  the  influence  of  irsya,  mfn.,  ' envious'. 

Examples  are : 

anuvdkyavant, 

dmiksavant, 

pddukavant, 

puronuvdkydvant, 

pratiqdkhavant, 

gdurimant, 

prdnaddvant  (cf.  prdnadavanfy, 

tuvlrdvant,1 

mdydvant  (cf.  mdyavanfy, 

Idlavant  (perhaps  also  Idlamafi), 

garydnavant  (if  for  qaryanavant), 

sarasvativant  •<  sarasvatl  (cf.  sdrasvaftvanf),2 

sdukhavati  (wrong  reading  for  sukhdvat'i), 

susumdnt,3 

1  According  to  Grassmann  <^  turn  -f-  irdvant  =  irdvant  ( <^  ira) .     Petersburg  Lex- 
icon considers  the  word  a  contraction  of  *tuvlravavant. 

2  Another  example  of  double  possessive  suffix  is  dvasvadmnt. 

8 This  word  appears  only  once  in  KV.  (x,  3,  1).     Grassmann  derives  it  from 
su«6.    Whitney  (§  1235d.)  says  it  appears  to  be  primary. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANX  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  53 

vattimant  <  valfa, 
ydjydvant, 
Irsyavant  <  wsyd, 
(fipravant  <  gipra. 

It  is  possible  that  in  several  of  the  above  examples  the  short- 
ening was  due  to  word-rhythm,  but  the  evidence  is  not  conclusive. 
In  the  actual  forms  of  several  of  the  above  words  in  the  texts  the 
shortened  vowel  is  either  preceded  or  followed,  or  both  preceded 
and  followed,  by  a  syllable  containing  a  long  vowel.  Thus  tuw- 
rdvant  appears  only  twice  (RV.  x,  64,  4  and  x,  64,  16),  both 
times  in  the  form  tuvlravdn.  puronuvdkydvant  shows  the  forms 
puronuvdkyavantam  (Qatapatha-Brahmana,  9,  3,  1,  16)  and  puro- 
nuvdkyavantas  (Katyayana-Qrauta-Sutra,  i?  2,  6).  pratiqdkhavant 
appears  in  the  Mahabharata  (14,  955)  as  pratigdkhavdn.  prdna- 
ddvdn  is  a  manuscript  reading  for  prdnaddvdn  in  Atharva-Veda, 
4,  35,  5.  The  £atapatha-Brahmapa  (13,  5,  4,  12)  has  mdyd- 
vattara  (<  mdydvant,  which  the  Petersburg  Lexicon  says  is  metri 
causa  for  mdydvanfy.  The  only  form  of  susumdnt  is  susuman  (RV. 
x,  3,  1).  The  only  form  of  qipravant  is  gipravdn  (RV.  VI,  17,  2). 
ydjy&vant  occurs  only  in  the  £atapatha-Brahmana.  Its  forms 
are:  ydjyavdn  (4,  1,  1,  26),  ydjyavantam  (9,  3,  1,  16),  and 
ydjyavat  (11,  2,  1,  6).  anuvdkyavant  has  the  form  anuvdkyavdn 
in  the  Qatapatha-Brahmana.  Here  the  shortened  vowel  (ya)  is 
preceded  and  followed  by  a  syllable  with  a  long  vowel  (£ata- 
patha-Brahmana,  4,  1,  1,  26).  In  Ayvalayana-Qrauta-Sutra, 
however,  the  possessive  appears  with  a  long  yd  (1,  5,  30),  but 
that  syllable  is  followed  by  one  with  a  short  vowel.  In  Idlavant, 
Idlamatl,  irsyavant  and  qarydnavant,  the  shortened  vowel  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  syllable  with  a  long  vowel. 

The  following  words  oppose  the  theory  of  word-rhythm  as 
applied  to  this  shortening,  sarasvativant  appears  only  in  Katya- 
yana-Qrauta-Sutra  (9?  \f  20).  It  there  takes  the  form  sarasvati- 
vati.  vattimant  appears  in  the  Gita-govinda  as  vallimat.  The 
only  form  of  pddukavant  is  pddukavatim  (Hemadri's  Caturvarga- 
Cintamani,  i,  711,  10).  dmiksavant  appears  in  the  genitive 
dmikmvatdm  in  the  Taittiriya-Brahmana  (2,  7,  16,  4). 


54  THE   SUFFIXES   JW.vr  AND    VAST  IN    SANSKRIT. 

§  6.  Loss  of  final  vowel.  There  are  a  half-dozen  or  more 
instances  of  the  loss  of  a  final  vowel  before  the  possessive  suffixes. 
Whitney  mentions  only  one  of  the  cases  and  dismisses  it  as  a 
"  special  irregularity."  Panini  (iv,  2,  87)  notices  three  of  the 
examples,  but  attempts  to  formulate  no  rule. 

The  examples  are : 

nadvant  <  nada  (cf.  Panini,  iv,  2,  87). 

vdnanvant,  probably  for  *vananavant  (cf.  vandnd  and  Whit- 
ney, §  1233e.  and  Grassmann,  s.  v.). 

vdasvant,  probably  <  vetasa  (cf.  Panini,  iv,  2,  87). 

qaradvatl,  probably  <  garadd,  with  loss  of  the  a  thru  the 
influence  of  garddvant. 

hiranvant,  nom.  prop.,  probably  <  hiranya  (cf.  hiranyavanf) . 
hiran-vant  and  hiran-mdya  may  seem  to  be  sufficient  evidence  for 
the  assumption  of  an  original  stem  kiran.  But  it  is  much  more 
likely  that  hiranmdya  is  for  hiranyamdya,  which  occurs  in  the 
Qatapatha-Brahmana.  The  analogy  of  hiranmdya  may  have 
caused  the  loss  of  the  ya  in  hiranvant. 

kumudvant,  probably  <  kumuda  (cf.  kumudavafi  and  Panini, 
iv,  2,  87). 

mahismant  (if  <  mahisa,  cf.  Chap.  I,  §  19,  note). 

dhdyadvant  <  dhayati. 

hdritvant  <  hdrita  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  19,  note). 

kaksivant,  from  kaksyavant,  according  to  the  Kacika  Vrtti, 
followed  by  Grassmann  and  Monier-Williams.  This  derivation 
is,  however,  by  no  means  absolutely  convincing. 

§  7.  Loss  of  final  consonant.  There  are  nearly  50  cases  in 
which  the  n  of  final  an  or  in  of  the  stem  is  lost  before  the  pos- 
sessive suffix.  This  loss  of  n  is  the  usual  one  in  the  middle 
forms  of  the  stem  or  before  a  case-ending  or  suffix  beginning  with 
a  consonant  (cf.  Whitney,  Gram.,  §§  256,  421,  439).  Whitney's 
general  statement  in  regard  to  vant  (§  1233b.)  that  nouns  in  an 
more  often  retain  the  ?i,  while  true  for  the  older  language,  does 
not  hold  good  for  the  entire  literature,  since  the  n  is  lost  as  often 
as  it  is  retained.  The  retention  of  the  n  is  thoroly  Vedic.  Rig- 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  55 

Veda  retains  the  n  in  13  possessives  and  loses  it  in  2.  Atharva- 
Veda  retains  it  in  9  and  loses  it  in  2. 

In  several  of  the  examples  lengthening  of  the  remaining  a 
has  taken  place.  The  same  word  may  thus  be  found  with  two  or 
even  three  parallel  possessive  forms  :  1.  With  final  n  retained ;  2. 
With  simple  loss  of  the  n ;  3.  With  lengthening  of  the  remain- 
ing vowel. 

Stems  in  in  always  lose  the  n  before  the  possessive  suffix,  and 
very  rarely  is  there  compensatory  lengthening  of  the  i. 

Examples  of  the  loss  of  final  n  follow  : 

aqmavant  (cf.  aqmanvanfy, 
agvimant  <  agvin, 
dtmavant  (cf.  atmanvdnt\ 
ksamimant  <  ksdmin, 
ganimant  <  ganin, 

carmavant  <  carman  (cf.  carmanvanf), 
janmavant  <  janman, 
tardmavant  <  tardman, 
dandimant  <  dandin, 
dhdrmavant  <<  dhdrman, 
dhdmavant  <  dhaman, 
narmavatl  <  narman, 
ndmavant  <  ndman, 
parvavant  <  parvan, 
pdmavant  <  pdman, 
prdnimant  <  prdnin, 
premavant  <C  premdn  (cf.  premdvati), 
brahmavant  (cf.  brahmdvafl  and  brdhmanvanfy, 
manthivant  <;  manthin  (cf.  manthwanf), 
mahinidvant  <  mahimdn, 

rdjavant  <  rdjan  (cf.  rdjanvant,  which  according  to  Monier- 
Williams  is  anomalous  for  rdjavant.    Cf.  also  Panini,  vili,  2,  14.), 
romavant  <  roman  (cf.  romanvanfy, 
lomavant  <  loman, 

varmavant  <  varman  (cf.  varmanvanfy, 
varsmavant  •<  varsmdn, 


56  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

vyomavatl  <^  vyoman, 

garmavant  <  garman, 

qaqimant  <  $a$in, 

girsavant  <  girsan  (cf.  </Lrsanvan£), 

glesmavant  <  qlesman, 

gvavant  <C  fu<£n  (cf.  py 


saptavant  <  saptan, 

sdksimant  <^  saksin, 

samavant  <  so/man  (cf.  sdmanvanfy, 

sidhmavant  <^  sidhman  (cf.  Panini,  v,  2,  97), 

sosmavant  <^  sosman, 

sthamavant  <;  sihaman, 

hastimant  <  hastin, 

hemavant  <<  heman. 

There  is  at  least  one  example  of  the  loss  of  final  s  before  the 
possessive  suffix  : 

prthupdjavant  <^prthupdjas  (cf.  pajasvanf). 

sahdvant  and  sdhdvant  each  occurs  twice  in  Rig-Veda.  They 
have  the  same  meaning  and  both  have  heretofore  been  thot  to 
come  from  sahd.  But,  as  the  accent  would  indicate,  they  are 
probably  of  different  origin,  sahdvant,  '  powerful',  is,  as  usually 
considered,  derived  from  the  adjective  sahd,  '  powerful  ',  with 
lengthening  of  the  final  vowel,  but  with  no  change  of  meaning. 
sdhdvant,  '  powerful  ',  is,  however,  likely  formed,  like  sdhasvant, 
from  the  noun  sdhas,  '  power'.  But  the  former  has  incurred  loss 
of  the  final  s  and  compensatory  lenghtening  of  the  preceding  a. 
This  process  may  have  been  favored  by  the  analogous  one  among 
n-stems,  and  by  the  form  sahd,  a  synonym  of  sdhdvant.  If  the 
above  explanation  is  correct,  then  sdhdvant  belongs  with  prthupdja- 
vant as  an  example  of  the  loss  of  final  s  before  the  possessive 
suffix. 

§  8.    Change  in  quality  of  final  vowel. 

In  a  dozen  or  so  of  words  there  is  a  change  in  quality  of  the 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT.  57 

final  vowel  of  the  stem  before  the  suffixes.  The  change  in  several 
of  these  cases  is  the  sporadic  lightening  of  short  a  to  an  i  or  u 
vowel  which  appears  here  and  there  thruout  the  language  (cf. 
Whitney,  Gram.,  §  249).  But  u  and  i  also  become  a,  and  r 
becomes  u  or  I. 

The  following  are  examples  : 

ang avant,  probably  for  anqumdnt ;  jdmbuvant,  for  jdmbavant ; 
tvastrimant,  tvastrimatl.  tvasfimatl  and  tvastumant  (probably  a 
Prakritic  form),  for  tvdstrmant  •  dhrtamati,  for  dhrtimati  (cf. 
dhrtavant) ;  vajrivant,  for  *vajravant  •  vrjinwant,  for  vrjinavant ; 
nyubjimant,  <  nyubja. 

On  the  above  and  other  changes  of  stem  finals  in  composition, 
cf.,  in  general,  Whitney,  Gram.,  §  1315. 

§  9.    Insertion  of  a  letter  between  stem  and  suffix. 
In  a  score  of  words  a  vowel  or  a  consonant  has  been  inserted 
between  the  stem  and  the  possessive  suffix. 
Such  cases  are  : 

a.  a  in 
dpavant  <  ap, 

punsavant  <  puns  (cf.  punsvanf), 
isdvant  <  is  (according  to  Grassmann). 

b.  d  in 
qavasdvant  <  gdvas, 

sahasdvant  <  sdhas  (cf.  sdhasvanf).  This  word  and  the  pre- 
ceding one,  qavasdvant,  are  not  derived,  as  some  think,  from  the 
instrumental  sahasd  and  qavasd,  but  they  are  from  the  noun-stems 
sdhas  and  gdvas.  The  two  nouns  are  synonomous,  as  are  the  two- 
adjectives.  All  are  common  words  in  the  Rig- Veda.  The  d 
was,  doubtless,  inserted  between  stem  and  suffix  thru  analogy 
with  the  instrumental  sahasd  and  qavasd,  each  of  which  is  the 
most  frequent  form  in  Rig- Veda  of  its  respective  stem.  Nor  is 
it  necessary  to  assume  an  intermediate,  hypothetical  noun  (sahasd, 
qavasd).  The  instrumentals  approach  the  possessives  sernantically 
by  the  expression  of  possession  of  strength  and  might. 

avidvisdvant,  probably  <  avidvis. 


58  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 


udanimdnt  <  uddn  (cf.  udanv&nf). 

d.  I'm 

jydtmmant.  The  Petersburg  Lexicon  derives  this  word  from 
jyotis.  Whitney  thinks  that  the  I  was  irregularly  inserted  after 
the  analogy  of  tdvisimant.  Monier- Williams  derives  the  posses- 
sive from  the  dual  of  jyotis,  and  translates  it  '  possessing  the  two 
luminaries  (moon  and  sun).' 

giprinivant  is  found  only  once  in  Rig- Veda  (x,  105,  5),  where 
it  is  an  epithet  of  Indra.  PBW.  derives  it  from  pipn'n.  It  is 
probably  derived,  however,  from  *jtprfm,  a  noun  formed  from 
the  feminine  of  qiprin  after  the  analogy  of  giprd  (cf.  qipravant, 
<  qiprd,  which  is  also  applied  to  Indra  in  Rig- Veda).  Some 
influence  may  have  been  exerted  also  by  vdjinwant,  which  is  from 
vdjim,  the  feminine  of  vdjin,  and  which  is  likewise  used  in  Rig- 
.  Veda  of  Indra. 

e.  d  in 
qimidvant,  perhaps  <  qimi  =  ciml  (cf.  qimwant). 

f.  n  in 

gartanvdnt  <  garta, 
mdnsanvdnt  (cf.  mdnsavant), 
vddhanvant  <^  vadha, 

vdnanvant.  An  n  has  been  inserted  in  vdnanvant  according  to 
Whitney  (§  1233e.).  But  Grassmann  thinks  the  word  is  for 
*vananavant  (<  vandnaj.  Cf.  §  6. 

budhanvant  <^  budha. 

g.  sin 

indrasvant  (cf.  indravant  and  indrdvanf), 

mahismant  <^mahi  (cf.  Chap.  1,  §  19,  note), 

mdhisvant  <  id.  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  19,  note). 

qucismant  is  formed  from  $&ci  under  the  influence  of  cocfo,  a 
very  common  Vedic  word,  and  of  gocismanL  Both  qucismant  and 
Qocismant  are  used  in  Rig- Veda  as  epithets  of  Agni. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  59 

§  10.   Miscellaneous,    purudvant  <  what? 

sttdmavati,  according  to  Grassmann,  from  *siM  (=  sira)  as 
yatumdvant  is  <  ydtu. 

yatumdvant  <  ydtu  (cf.  ydtumanf).  Sayana  derives  yatumdvant 
from  ydtu-ama  and  the  secondary  suffix  vant.  Benfey  (Gram- 
matiky  §§  269,  420)  considers  the  suffix  primary  in  this  word. 
In  this  possessive,  as  well  as  in  sildmdvant,  Grassmann  (  WB.,  s.  v. 
stavdnf)  considers  mdvant  a  double  secondary  suffix  formed  from 
mdn-vant  with  loss  of  the  n  and  lengthening  of  the  a  (cf.  §  4). 
The  formation  of  the  possessive  stem  remains  unclear,  but  the 
suffix  vant  is  certainly  secondary  in  this  word,  and  Grassmann's 
suggestion  is  plausible  if  not  convincing. 

harsumant,  apparently  <  harsu,  which  is  nowhere  quoted. 
apsumdnt,    'being   in    the   waters  ',<  apsu,    loc.    phi.   of    dp. 
"  Eine  ungrammatische  Bildung",  Petersburg  Lexicon. 

Contraction  takes  place  in  several  words.     Thus : 

hiranvant,  for  hiranyavant  (cf.  §  6), 
Jcaksivant,  perhaps  for  kaksydvant  (cf.  §  6), 
bhdvant,  for  bhdgavant  (cf.  Whitney,  §  456). 


CHAPTER   III. 
MEANING. 

The  two  suffixes,  mant  and  vant,  are  in  the  main  identical  as  to 
signification  and  will  be  treated  together.  No  attempt  will  be 
made  at  this  place  at  tracing  their  historical  development  in 
meaning,  for  in  most  of  the  individual  cases  the  semantic  relation 
of  the  word  to  the  original  meaning  of  the  suffix  can  be  readily 
perceived.  The  various  meanings  that  mant  and  vant  bring  to  a 
word,  when  added  to  it,  will  be  listed,  therefore,  in  the  order  of 
the  frequency  of  their  appearance.  The  relative  frequency  of 
occurrence  will  be  noticed  for  each  meaning.  Where  differences 


60  THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND     VANT   IN    SANSKRIT. 

exist  between  mant  and  vant  as  regards  usage,  or  as  regards  the 
extent  of  a  class  of  meaning,  they  will  be  specially  noted.  Atten- 
tion will  also  be  paid  to  differences  between  the  Vedic  and  the 
later  literature. 

Of  course  it  must  be  understood  that  the  same  word  may 
belong  to  several  classes  of  meaning.  Thus  dntavant  signifies 
(  having  an  end '  (Class  1)  or  '  ended '  (Class  5)  or  t  containing  a 
word  which  has  the  meaning  of  anta'  (Class  3).  Again,  pranata- 
vant,  '  bowed ',  agrees  in  meaning  with  pranata  and  belongs  to 
Class  4.  It  is  a  past  participle  in  signification  and  also  belongs 
to  Class  5.  It  further  means  ( bowing',  and  is  listed  under  Class 
2.  However,  in  computing  the  proportions  in  the  following 
paragraphs  each  word  has  been  counted  under  each  of  its 
meanings. 

Proper  names  have  not  been  counted  as  it  is  frequently 
difficult  or  even  impossible  to  determine  what  was  the  original 
literal  meaning  of  such  a  word. 

§  1.  The  primary  signification  of  both  suffixes  was  that  of 
possession.  The  evidence  lies  (1)  in  the  fact  that  this  meaning 
persists  to  latest  times  in  a  larger  number  of  words  than  that  of 
all  other  meanings  together ;  (2)  in  the  fact,  as  mentioned  below, 
that  the  percentage  of  this  meaning  is  considerably  higher  in  the 
older  language  than  in  the  later ;  (3)  in  the  preservation  of  this 
meaning  in  the  Avestan  suffixes  and  in  the  Greek  suffix  -pevr  and 
the  Latin  -osus  (cf.  Chap,  i,  §  4). 

This  primary  meaning  is  capable  of  manifold  expressions,  the 
origin  of  most  of  which  is  perfectly  apparent,  such  as  '  having, 
possessing,  provided  with,  supplied  with,  furnished  with,  endowed 
with,  adorned  with,  containing,  filled  with,  abounding  in,  rich  in, 
armed  with,  wearing,  bearing,  carrying,  &c.'  But  some  of  its 
variations  are  a  trifle  less  apparent,  such  as  dnasvant,  '  yoked  to  a 
cart,'  <  dnas,  '  cart,'  and  niyutvant,  '  drawn  by  a  team  of  horses/ 
<  niyftt,  '  team  of  horses.' 

Nearly  60%  of  all  words  ending  in  mant  and  vant  retain 
clearly  the  idea  of  possession.  The  proportion  is,  however,  some- 
what higher  in  the  case  of  mant  than  in  that  of  vant.  vant,  as  a 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANX  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT.  61 

consequence  of  its  numerical  superiority,  has  shown  itself  more 
flexible  in  meaning   than  the  other  suffix.     The  proportion  of 
words  that  retain  the  original  meaning  is  several  per  cent  higher 
in  the  older  than  in  the  later  literature. 
A  few  examples  of  this  class  are  : 

ksirdvant,  ' having  milk/  <  kslrd,  'milk'; 
dmavant,  '  violent/  <  dma,  '  violence ' ; 

astimant,  ( possessed  of  property/  '  opulent/  <  asti,  '  existent/ 
'  present ' ; * 

aksimant,  '  possessing  eyes/  <  dksi,  '  eye ' ; 
rdjimant,  '  having  stripes/  <  rdji,  '  stripe.' 

§  2.  The  next  largest  class,  embracing  7  ^  of  the  vant's  and 
10  %  of  the  mant's,  is  that  in  which  the  suffix  converts  the  word 
to  which  it  is  added  into  a  present  active  participle.  Originally 
these  present  participles  were  equivalent  to  simple  possession,  e.  g. 

usmavant,  <•  burning/  <  wsraa,  '  heat ' ; 

chdndasvant,  '  desiring/  <<  chdndas,  '  desire '  ; 

dldpavant,  '  speaking/  <  dldpa,  '  speech ' ; 

gatavant,  '  going/  <  gatd,  '  a  going ' ; 

drgimant,  '  seeing/  <<  drqi,  '  sight ' ; 

upalabdhimant,  ( perceiving/  <<  upalabdhi,  '  perception.' 

But  from  analogy  with  these  and  kindred  possessives  formed 
from  nouns  the  suffix  vdnt  was  often  added  to  past  participles 
and  such  words  as  the  following  arose  : 

prositavant,  '  sojourning  away  from  home/  <  prosita,  '  absent ' ; 
pranatavant,  '  bowing/  <  pranata,  '  bowed ' ; 
kligitavant,  '  suffering  pain/  <;  kligita,  l  molested ' ; 
avdptavant,  '  obtaining/  <  avdpta,  'obtained.' 

While  present  participles  are  formed  at  all  periods  of  the 
language  by  adding  the  possessive  suffixes  to  nouns,  the  formation 

1Cf.  rot  6vra  and  17  ovo-la.  Cf.  also  Sanskrit  sat,  m.,  'a  good  person,'  nt.,  'that 
which  is  good,'  and  Sanskrit  rosy,  Greek  ret  oVya0<f,  Latin  bona,  German  das  Gut, 
HaV  und  Gut,  English  yoods. 


62  THE   SUFFIXES    XAXT  AND    VAXT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

by  means  of  vant  and  the  past  participle  is  limited  to  the  later 
language,  there  being  no  examples  in  Rig- Veda. 

Words  that  will  illustrate  the  above  transition  of  the  suffixes 
from  possessive  to  temporal  value  are  : 

gatimant,  '  possessed  of  motion  ',  '  moving  ',<  gdti,  (  a  going  ' ; 
yabhavant,  'having  sexual  intercourse',<  yabha,  'sexual  inter- 
course '. 

As  seen  by  the  examples  above  the  meaning  of  possession  slips 
over  very  easily  into  that  of  a  present  participle,  and  it  is 
frequently  difficult  to  say  to  which  of  the  two  classes  a  word 
belongs.  A  large  number  of  words  which  still  retain  very  clearly 
the  original  idea  of  possession  are  in  reality  at  the  same  time 
present  participles.  The  impossibility  of  always  translating 
accurately  the  Sanskrit  word  into  English  is  responsible  for  much 
hesitation  as  to  the  class  to  which  a  word  belongs. 

An  effort  has  been  made  however  to  distinguish  the  two  classes 
on  the  basis  of  clearness  of  retention  of  the  original  meaning. 
Thus  kslrdvant  means  '  having  milk ',  and  is  plainly  possessive  in 
meaning.  But  gatimant  means  rather  (  moving  '  than  '  possessed 
of  motion  '  and  is  listed  in  Class  2. 

§  3.  This  class  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  one  preceding. 
Here  the  suffixes  denote  '  containing  the  root  or  word,  or  a  deriva- 
tive of  the  root  or  word '.  This  class  of  signification  is  by  its  very 
nature  limited  to  post-Vedic,  and  very  largely  to  Brahmana  texts. 
No  examples  are  found  in  Rig- Veda.  There  is  a  marked 
tendency  to  employ  vant  in  this  connection,  even  with  words  which 
would  phonetically  require  mant,  vant  being  used  just  six  times  as 
frequently  as  mant  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  2e.). 

Some  examples  follow : 

abhivant,  '  containing  the  word  abhi ' ; 

jaghnivant,  ( containing  an  intensive  form  of  the  \/  han ' ; 

adhvardvant,  '  containing  the  word  adhvard  ' ; 

dplnavant,  '  containing  a  form  of  d-  i/ pydi ' ; 

dpydnavant,  id. ; 

aptumant,  '  containing  the  word  aptu ' ; 

lumant,  '  containing  the  syllable  lu ' ; 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  63 

bhdnwnant,  '  containing  the  word  bhdnu ' ; 
mddhumard,  '  containing  the  word  madhu' ; 
runmant,  '  containing  the  word  nic ' ; 
vapusmant,  '  containing  the  word  vapus' ; 
visnumant,  '  containing  the  word  visnu '  • 
agvimant,  '  containing  the  word  agvin ' ; 
dhenumant,  'containing  the  word  dhenu'. 

For  further  examples  cf.  Chap,  i,  §  §  2e.,  18-4. 

Notice  also  paryastavant,  '  containing  the  notion  expressed  by 
the  word  paryasta',  and  raksitavant,  ( containing  the  idea  of 
yraks'. 

§  4.  In  a  little  more  than  3  ^  of  the  words  no  change  in 
meaning  is  caused  by  the  addition  of  the  possessive  suffix  (svariha, 
svarihikd).  This  is  especially  the  case  with  past  participles  and 
with  bahuvnhi  compounds  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  2c.,  end),  but  it  is  by 
no  means  restricted  to  them. 

Examples  are  : 

campdvati,  name  of  a  town  ; 
pradharsitavant,  '  arrogant ' ; 
pfsadvant,  <  speckled ' ; 
kridumant,  '  playing ' ; 
rbhumant,  ' skilful'; 
nirvikdravant,  '  unchanged' ; 
kigardvant,  gana  madhv-ddi ', 
prdnada'vant,  '  breath-giving ' ; 
suksmamatimant,  '  acute-minded ' ; 
agumant,  '  swift ' ; 
gubhrdvant,  e  shining/  '  lovely  ' ; 
cirdyusmant,  'long-lived'  ; 
aplavavant,  '  having  no  ship  ' ; 
anddimant,  '  having  no  beginning.' 

§  5.  In  3%  of  the  vant's  and  7  fc  of  the  manfs  the  suffix 
converts  the  word  into  a  past  passive  participle.  These  past 
passive  participles  are  sometimes  formed  by  adding  vant  to  a  past 
passive  participle.  In  such  cases  there  is  of  course  no  change  of 


64  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

meaning,  and  such  words  belong  also  to  the  preceding  class. 
However,  as  pointed  out  above,  vant  is  added  to  past  participles 
only  in  the  later  literature  (cf.  Chap,  i,  §  2b.).  Rig-Veda  does 
not  offer  a  single  example  of  this  class  of  vant  with  the  past 
participle. 

Examples  are : 

udayavant,  '  risen ' ; 
uparagavant,  '  eclipsed '  • 
ddhavant,  '  heated  ' ; 
apacitimant,  '  honored ' ; 
upapattimant,  '  demonstrated '. 

§  6.  Another  class  comprising  3%  of  the  vant's,  if  all  such 
words  are  reported  by  the  dictionary,  is  that  in  which  the  past 
passive  participle  is  changed  into  a  past  active  participle  by  that 
suffix.  Cf.  Whitney,  Gram.,  §§959,960;  Thumb,  Grammatik, 
§  618  ;  Bartholomae,  KZ.,  xxix,  526  and  Iran.  Grundriss,  I, 
§§•52,  lb.,  209,  10;  ZDMG.,  XLVI,  302;  IF.,  m,  20.  The 
heading  of  Whitney's  chapter  on  this  class  of  possessives  :  "  Past 
Active  Participle  in  tavant  (or  navanf)  "  would  exclude  such  words 
as  paJcvavant  and  nisiddhavant,  which  have  as  much  claim  to  con- 
sideration here  as  has  krtavant.  ta  and  na  belong  to  the  participial 
stem  and  not  to  the  suffix. 

The  use  of  mant  in  this  connection  is  precluded  by  the  ex- 
terminations of  the  past  participles.  As  in  the  case  of  the 
formation  of  past  passive  participles  (with  no  change  of  meaning) 
and  of  present  active  participles  from  past  passive  participles 
(Classes  2,  4,  5,  12 ;  cf.  also  Chap.  I,  §  2b.),  it  is  only  in  the  later 
language  that  vant  may  be  added  to  the  past  passive  participle, 
changing  it  into  a  past  active  participle,  but  there  this  function 
becomes  very  common. 

Only  one  example  is  available  for  Atharva-Veda,  viz.,  agitdvant 
(ix,  6,  38).  As  to  Kig-Veda,  Whitney  says  (Gram.,  loc.  dt.\ 
"  Derivative  words  of  this  formation  are  found  in  Rig-Veda,  but 
without  anything  like  a  participial  value."  This  statement  is 
slightly  misleading,  for  in  the  very  few  possessives  of  this  forma- 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT.  65 

t 

tion  in  Rig- Veda,  the  first  element  is  in  every  respect  a  noun, 
altho  the  noun  was  formed  originally  from  the  past  participle. 
Such  possessives  have  no  more  right  to  be  listed  here  than  those 
from  original  noun-stems,  altho  it  was  in  such  cases  that  this 
class  had  its  origin.  Further,  Rig- Veda  offers  one  example  of  a 
past  active  participle  which  is  derived  directly  from  a  past  passive 
participle  and  which  retains  its  participial  value,  viz.,  hitdvant 
(RV.  i,  180,  7),  which  Grassmann  renders  'der  sein  Gut  ver- 
steckt  hat'  (Padap.  has  kitdvant,  q.  v.  also  in  Hitopadega;  cf. 
Chap.  11,  §  4). 

The  resulting  participle  may  be  used  as  a  simple  participle 
(usually  predicatively),  but  much  more  frequently  the  copula  is 
omitted,  and  the  participle  comes  to  be  used  as  a  finite  verb, 
expressing  either  perfect  or  imperfect  time.  As  Whitney  points 
out  (§  960),  this  formation  was  originally  restricted  to  transitive 
verbs  with  an  object  expressed,  but  it  was  later  made  very  freely 
from  intransitive  verbs. 

A  few  examples  follow  : 

gaiavant,  '  having  gone  ',  <  gata,  (  gone  '  (cf.  Eug.  having 
gone  <  gone)  • 

pryvrttavant,  '  having  commenced  '  ; 
tyaldavant,  '  having  left ' ; 
prattavant,  '  one  who  has  given  ' ; 
uktavant,  '  one  who  has  spoken ' ; 
pakvavant,  '  one  who  has  cooked ' ; 
nisiddhavant,  '  having  warded  off'  ; 
niruddhavant,  '  having  (=  he  has)  besieged  '  ; 
prasthitavant  =  pratasthe,  '  he  has  set  out ' ; 
vydpaditavant,  '  he  has  destroyed  '. 

§  7.  In  3  ^  of  the  examples  the  suffixes  are  used  actively 
instead  of  passively  and  possessively,  and  have  the  meaning 
'giving,  granting,  bestowing,  offering,  yielding,  paying,  inflict- 
ing, &c.' 

A  similar  transfer  of  meaning  may  be  seen  in  such  compounds 
as  citrdrddhaSj  ( giving  good  gifts '.  Some  examples  in  mant  and 
vant  are  : 


66  THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

dpnasvant,  '  giving  property ' ; 
karavant,  '  paying  tribute ' ; 
jdvant,  'granting  offspring'; 
bhuvadvant,  '  giving  prosperity  ' ; 
ddnavant,  '  bestowing  gifts ' ; 1 
ddksinavant,  '  offering  sacrificial  reward ' ; 
dandaparusyavant,  '  inflicting  severe  punishment ' ; 
omanvant,  '  giving  help ' ; 
omyavant,  id. ; 

idavant,  l  granting  fresh  vital  spirits  ' ; 
pradandavant,  ( inflicting  harsh  punishment ' ; 
paravant,  <  offering  beatitude  ' ; 
urugayavant,  '  offering  space  for  motion '  ; 
ddaravant,  '  showing  respect ' ; 
abhistimant,  '  rendering  assistance ' ; 
upakrtimant,  '  giving  help ' ; 
dhenumant,  '  yielding  a  nourishing  beverage ' ; 
rddhimant,  '  bringing  or  bestowing  wealth  '. 

§  8.  Another  class  of  nearly  3%  in  extent  is  that  in  which  the 
suffixes  signify  relation,  with  the  meanings  '  connected  with, 
relating  to,  belonging  to.'  The  semantic  relations  between  the 
derivatives  in  mant  and  vant  and  the  words  from  which  they  are 
derived  become  more  and  more  loose  and  indefinite.  So  we  find 
that  words  belonging  to  this  division  where  the  suffixes  express 
merely  a  general  relation  are  proportionately  several  times  as  fre- 
quent in  the  later  literature  as  in  the  Rig- Veda.  This  class  is, 
however,  semantically  closely  allied  to  Class  1,  and  in  many  cases 
supplies  the  link  between  the  original  and  other  secondary  sig- 
nifications of  mant  and  vant. 

Examples  are  : 

adrstavant,  '  connected  with  destiny '  ; 

prakdravant,  '  belonging  to  a  species  '  ; 

karakavant,  '  relating  to  one  who  is  active  in  anything ' ; 

arseyavant,  ' connected  with  sacred  descent'  j 

1Cf.  ddmanvant,  'furnished  with  gifts'. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANX  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  67 

ukthavant,  '  connected  with  an  uktha ' ; 

gatimant,  '  connected  with  a  preposition  or  some  other  adverbial 
prefix '. 

§  9.  This  class  is  nearly  equal  in  size  to  the  preceding  one, 
and,  like  it,  is  closely  related  to  Class  1.  It  includes  words  to 
which  mant  and  vant  add  the  idea  of  accompaniment  or  associa- 
tion. Naturally  the  names  of  the  gods  form  a  large  part  of  this 
class,  and  for  this  reason  the  proportion  of  such  possessives  is 
three  times  as  large  in  Rig- Veda  as  in  the  remaining  literature. 

Thus: 

pavamdnavant,  ( accompanied  by  the  Pavamana-stotra ' ; 
pusanvdnt,  '  accompanied  by  Pusan  ' ; 
r&ivant,  '  associated  with  the  Rishis  ' ; 
visnuvant, .'  attended  by  Visnu ' ; 
dngirasvant,  '  accompanied  by  the  Angirases ' ; 
indravant,  '  associated  with  or  accompanied  by  Indra ' ; 
ulku&imant,  '  accompanied  by  fiery  phenomena ' ; 
marutvant,  ' attended  by  the  Maruts'. 

§  10.  In  2^  of  all  mant  and  vant  possessives  the  suffixes  give 
to  the  original  word,  in  addition  to  the  idea  of  possession,  a  mel- 
iorative or  majorative  value  (cf.,  in  general,  Breal,  Essai  de 
S6mantique,  p.  112).1  Examples,  while  numerous  for  vant,  are 
very  rare  for  mant.  Rig- Veda  has  only  one  or  two  cases  with 
either  suffix. 

Following  are  examples  : 

vesavant,  '  well-dressed  '  (=  suvesa  or  suvesavanfy  • 
akaravant, '  well-formed  ',  <  akara,  '  form  '  (cf.  Eng.  shapely)  ; 
udhasvatl,  '  having  full  udders  ',  <  udhas,  (  udder  ' ; 
keqavant,  '  having  long  hair ',  <  Mqa,  (  hair  '  • 
garbhavatl,  '  having  a  full  womb '  i.  e.,  '  pregnant ',  <  garbha, 
'  womb  '  ; 

gdtravant,  '  having  a  handsome  body  ',  <  gdtra,  '  body  '  ; 

1  Notice  English  slang  expressions  such  as  '  having  a  head '  (big  head). 
5 


68  THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

dvarvant,  l  having  many  doors ',  <  dvdr,  '  door  ' ; 

pieindavant,  ' having  a  large  belly',  i.  e.  ' corpulent', 
=  picanda,  '  belly ' ; 

urasvant,  'broad-chested',  <  uras,  'chest'; 

rajanvant,  '  having  a  good  king',  <  rajan,  '  king' ; 

udaravant,  'having  a  large  belly',  i.  e.  'corpulent',  <uddra, 
'belly'; 

Qarddvant,  'having  many  years',  i.  e.  'aged',  <^gardd,  'year'; 

alimant,  '  swarming  with  bees ',  <  ali,  '  bee ' ; 

hanumant,  norn.  prop.,  'having  large  jaws',  <^hdnu,  'jaw'. 

§  11.  This  class  includes  words  containing  the  idea  'sur- 
rounded by',  'covered  with '.  It  is  a  somewhat  smaller  class  than 
10,  but  is  distributed  uniformly  thruout  the  literature.  In  this 
class  also  examples  for  mant  are  rare. 

Some  of  the  examples  are  : 

adityavant,  '  surrounded  by  the  Adityas ' ; 
astaranavant,  '  covered  with  a  cloth ' ; 
kuqavant,  '  covered  with  Ku9a  grass ' ; 
carmavant,  '  covered  with  skins '  ; 
toyavant,  '  surrounded  by  water ' . 

§  12.  In  a  considerable  number  of  words  vant  is  used  as  a 
noun-suffix  of  agency.  To  this  class  should  be  added  many  of 
the  words  of  Class  6.  There  are  very  few  examples  of  the  use 
of  mant  in  this  sense,  and  only  one  or  two  cases  with  either  suffix 
in  Rig- Veda. 

The  following  are  examples  : 

atanavant,  '  one  who  wanders ',  <  atana,  '  act  of  passing  on ' ; 

kdndavant,  '  an  archer  ',  <  kdnda,  '  arrow  ' ; 

kriyavant,  'one  who  performs  an  action  ',  <  kriya,  'action'  ; 

nabhidhavant,  '  one  who  does  not  assist '  ; 

vegavant,  '  the  keeper  of  a  brothel ',  <  vega,  '  brothel '  ; 

ydvamant,  '  one  who  cultivates  grain  ',  <  yava,  '  grain '. 

§  13.  In  another  class,  in  which  the  meaning  has  not  gone  far 
•away  from  its  original,  the  suffixes  convey  the  idea  '  consisting 


THE  SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKEIT.  69 

of,  '  composed  of.     About  1  %  of  all  the  examples  belong  here, 
divided  in  the  usual  proportion  between  mant  and  vant,  but  they 
are  confined  almost  entirely  to  post-Vedic  literature. 
A  few  instances  are  : 

avyayavant,  '  consisting  of  an  indeclinable  word ',  <<  avyaya, 
1  an  indeclinable  word '  • 

gandvant,  '  consisting  of  a  series  or  class ',  <  gand,  ( series ', 
'class'  j 

gdmant,  l  consisting  of  cattle  '. 

§  14.  In  about  1  %  of  the  possessives  the  suffixes  have  causative 
value  and  mean  '  making,  causing,  forming  &c.'  e.  g. 

ddambaravant,  '  making  a  great  noise ',  <  ddambara,  '  a  great 
noise  ' ; 

ksudhdvant,  '  causing  hunger ',  <  ksudhd,  '  hunger  '  ;  * 

ghosavant,  '  making  a  noise  ',  <  ghosa,  '  noise  '  ; 

taddgavanty  '  making  a  tank ',  <  taddga  =  taddka,  '  tank ' ; 

kacchumati,  '  causing  itching ',  i.  e.  Carpopogon  Pruriens,  <C 
kacchu,  ( itch '  • 

tantumant,  'forming  threads',  <^tantu,  ( thread'. 

§  15.  In  a  little  less  than  1  ft  of  all  mant  and  vant  possessives 
the  suffixes  express  a  state  of  contiguity :  '  being  in,  near,  at  or 
above'. 

Thus: 

dgravant,  '  being  at  the  top '  ; 
uttardvant,  i  being  above  ' ; 
agnivdnt,  '  being  near  the  fire ' ; 
agnimdnt,  id. 

§  16.  In  a  number  of  the  vant  possessives  (less  than  ~\.%}  the 
suffix  expresses  resemblance  or  similarity  (cf.  Whitney,  Gram., 
§§  457,  494,  517,  1233f.  and  Bartholomae,  KZ.  xxix,  497). 
Next  to  that  of  possession  this  is  perhaps  the  oldest  meaning  of 

^f.  ksudvant,  'hungry',  <_k$udh,  'hunger'. 


70  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT. 

the  suffix.  Most  of  these  words,  especially  those  in  use  in  the 
earlier  language,  are  formed  from  pronominal  stems.  The  final 
vowel  of  these  pronominal  stems  is  always  lengthened  before  the 
suffix. 

From  this  class  arose  the  indeclinable  or  adverbial  suffix  vdt, 
which  signifies  'in  the  manner  of,  and  which  finally  becomes 
almost  1/7  as  common  as  the  possessive  vant  (cf.  Panini,  v,  1,  115, 
&c.,  Whitney,  Gram.,  §  1107,  and  Delbriick,  Grundriss,  in,  1, 
p.  613).  The  step  was  not  a  difficult  one,  as  vdt  is  simply  the 
adverbial  accusative  neuter  of  vant  and  is  identical  in  meaning 
with  this  class  of  possessive  vant's. 

There  seem  to  be  no  good  examples  of  possessive  mant  with  this 
meaning  of  '  like  to  ',  '  resembling ',  nor  is  it  likely  that  the  suffix 
was  ever  so  used,  tantumant,  however,  <  tantu, '  thread ',  appears 
to  belong  to  this  category  in  a  single  passage  (Apastamba's  Qrauta- 
Sutra,  ix,  8,  5),  where  Agni  is  spoken  of  as  '  (uninterrupted)  like 
a  thread '.  It  is  probable  that  mant  was  used  here  because  the 
phonetic  rule  requiring  mant  with  tantu  was  stronger  than  the 
semantic  rule  requiring  vant  to  express  resemblance. 

dgumant,  also,  may  be  thot  by  some  to  be  such  an  example,  but 
it  means  '  quick ',  rather  than  { quick-like  ',  and  belongs  to  Class 
4,  in  which  the  suffix  causes  no  change  of  meaning  in  the  word  to 
which  it  is  added.  In  agumdt,  '  quickly ',  an  Atharvanic  word 
<  cicu,  '  quick ',  the  mdt  seems  to  have  been  modelled  after  the 
adverbial  suffix  vdt,  but  under  the  influence  of  agumant  (aqumat), 
1  quick'.  There  is  no  reason  for  believing  that  this  single  example 
of  an  adverbial  mdt  is  derived  from  possessive  mant  as  the 
adverbial  suffix  vdt  is  derived  from  possessive  vant,  nor  for 
believing  therefore  that  at  any  time  mant  was  used  to  express 
resemblance. 

The  examples  of  possessive  vant's  of  this  class  follow  : 

mdvant,  '  like  me  ' ; 
tvavant,  (  similar  to  thee '  ; 
yusmdvant,  '  belonging  to  you ' ; 

yuvdvant,  '  belonging  to  both  of  you '.  This  word  and  the 
preceding  seem  also  to  belong  to  Class  8. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT.  71 

tdvant,  '  tantus ' ; 

yavant,  '  quantus  ' ; 

etdvant,  '  tantus ' ; 

want,  '  tantus ' ; 

kwant,  found  only  in  the  expression  a  kivatas,  '  how  far  from 
here?'  (RV.  m,  30,  17  ;  Nir.  vi,  3)  ; 

indrasvant,  '  similar  to  Indra ' ; 

nilavant,  '  blackish ' ; 

pfsadvant,  ' speckled'.  This  is  a  doubtful  example,  but  is 
given  as  such  by  Whitney.  It  belongs  rather  to  Class  4. 

nrvdnt,  '  like  men  ' ; 

ksditavant,  '  like  a  prince ' ; 

nlddvant,  '  nestlike ' ; 

rtviyavant,  (cf.  Chap.  II.  §  4,  note) ; 

aparavant,  '  having  no  superior ' ; 

paravant,  'subservient',  'dependent'. 

Whitney  gives  this  word  as  an  example  of  this  class  of  vant's 
but  neither  it  nor  the  preceding  word  seems  property  to  belong  in 
this  list,  paravant  is,  of  course,  derived  from  the  adjective  para. 
Whitney's  literal  translation  would  evidently  be  '  as  if  inferior 
to.'  But  para  also  means  '  superior '  and  it  would  seem  better  to 
render  the  possessive  '  having  a  superior.'  Further  evidence  is 
the  word  (not  quoted  by  Whitney)  aparavant.  To  translate  it 
'  as  if  not  inferior  to '  would  be  far-fetched  and  not  in  keeping 
with  the  usual  method  of  forming  possessives.  Cf.  Chap.  I, 
§2c. 

lohavant,  '  a  little  reddish.' 

All  of  the  above  examples  except  paravant,  aparavant,  rtviya- 
vant and  lohavant  are  found  in  the  Rig- Veda. 

§  17.  In  a  number  of  words  in  the  later  literature  mant  and 
vant  are  used  equivalently  to  the  English  suffix  -able.  e.  g. 

karundvant,  '  pitiable ',  <  karund,  '  pity ' ; 

cestdvant,  '  moveable ',  <  cestd,  '  motion '  ; 

drambhanavant,  '  seizable ',  literally  =  dsanjanavant,  '  having  a 
handle '  ; 


72  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   SANSKRIT. 

parihdravant,  'avoidable',  <^parihdra,  'omission'; 
upalabdhimant,  'perceptible',  'intelligible',  <^upalabdhi}  'per- 
ception ',  '  knowledge '. 

§  18.  In  a  dozen  or  more  words,  most  of  which  are  post- 
Vedic,  the  suffixes  mean  '  engaged  in,  occupied  in  or  with, 
practising '. 

Examples  are  : 

garanavant,  '  occupied  in  swallowing,'  <  garana,  '  the  act  of 
swallowing ' ; 

tapovant,  '  engaged  in  austerities,'  <  tapas,  '  penance ' ; 
alambanavanty  '  devoted  to  the  Yogin  exercise  Alambana ' ; 
niyamavant,  '  practising  religious  observances ' ; 
ydtumant,  '  practising  witchcraft  or  sorcery  ' ; 
nayavant,  '  prudent/  <  naya,  '  prudence '. 

The  last  example  illustrates  well  the  origin  of  this  class  in 
Class  1. 

§  19.  In  a  very  few  words  mant  and  vant  have  pejorative  value 
(cf.,  in  general,  Breal,  Essai  de  8&mantique,  p.  109  ff.,  and  Bech- 
stein,  "Ein  pessimistischer  Zug  in  der  Entwicklung  der  \Yortbe- 
deutung,"  Germania,  vin,  p.  330  ff.). 

A  few  cases  are  : 

cankramavant,  '  moving  slowly  or  crookedly  ',  <  cankrama,  '  a 
going  about ',  '  a  walk  ' ; 

agamavant,  '  approaching  for  sexual  intercourse ',  <  agama, 
'  approach ' ; 

jihvavant,  nom.  prop.,  '  having  a  greedy  tongue ',  <  jihvd, 
f  tongue '  ; 

rajavant,  '  having  a  bad  king  ',  <  rajan,  '  king  V 

§  20.  In  this  class  an  attempt  is  made  to  sum  up  the  various 
meanings  of  mant  and  vant  which  have  not  been  classified  above, 

1  Cf .  rdjanvant,  '  having  a  good  king ' . 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    SANSKRIT.  73 

and  of  which  there  are  only  isolated  or  sporadic  occurrences. 
These  are  all,  in  one  way  or  another,  merely  variations  of  the 
original  signification  in  Class  1. 

a.     '  receiving '. 
aqvamedhdvant,  '  receiving  an  a9vamedha '. 

b.    '  mentioning '. 
dtithyavant,  '  mentioning  hospitality  '. 

c.   ' showing'. 

dsanvdnt,  i  showing  the  mouth  ' ; 
parakramavant,  ( showing  courage '. 

d.  '  serving  for '. 

dsecanavant,  '  serving  for  sprinkling ' ; 
kogavant,  l  forming  a  receptacle  '  (as  a  wound). 

e.  '  contained  in  '. 
aranimant, '  being  contained  in  the  Aranis '  (as  fire). 

f.  'made  or  prepared  by '. 
kdnvamant,  '  prepared  by  the  Kanvas '  (as  soma). 

g.    l  representing '. 
cdksusmant,  '  representing  the  eye '. 

h.    '  bound,  joined  or  united  with '. 

diirvdvant,  '  intertwined  or  joined  with  durva  grass ' ; 
barhfemant,  'joined  with  barhls  '. 


74  THE    SUFFIXES    MAA'T  AND     VANT   IN    SANSKRIT. 

i.    'author  of. 
niruktavant,  '  author  of  the  Nirukta',  a  name  of  Yaska. 

It  is  thot  that  the  entire  number  of  possessives  that  are  unas- 
signable to  any  of  the  above  general  classes  will  not  more  than 
double  that  of  the  examples  given  in  this  paragraph.  There  are 
very  few  words  that  present  any  real  semantic  difficulties.  But 
notice  paragvant,  '  a  kind  of  snake ',  and  pdrasvant,  <  a  wild 
animal,  probably  the  ass  '. 

In  several  cases  there  is  little  apparent  connection  in  meaning 
between  the  possessive  and  the  primitive  word,  e.  g. 

utsangavant, '  having  depth ',  'deep-seated',  <^utsanga,  'haunch', 
'lap'. 

§  21.  It  may  be  worth  while  to  consider  in  a  more  general 
and  coherent  manner  the  relation  of  the  secondary  meanings  of 
mant  and  vant  to  the  original  meaning  and  to  each  other. 

The  development  of  the  primary  signification  of  possession  into 
a  number  of  secondary  significations  is  a  phase  of  the  common 
linguistic  tendency  of  a  word  to  acquire  new  meanings  by  a 
simple  extension  or  restriction  of  the  scope  of  the  word,  or  by 
the  operation  of  analogy  and  suggestion.  But,  to  use  Breal's 
words  (Essai  de  Sfrmantique,  Paris,  1897,  p.  154),  "le  sens 
nouveau,  quel  qu'il  soit,  ne  met  pas  fin  a  Pancien.  Us  existent 
tous  les  deux  Fun  a  cote  de  1'autre.  Le  meme  terme  peut 
s'employer  tour  a  tour  au  sens  propre  ou  au  sens  me'taphorique, 
au  sens  restreint  ou  au  sens  6tendu,  au  sens  abstrait  ou  au  sens 
concret  ....  A  mesure  qu'une  signification  nouvelle  est  donnee 
au  mot,  il  a  1'air  de  se  multiplier  et  de  produire  des  exemplaires 
nouveaux,  semblables  de  form,  mais  differents  de  valeur.  Nous 
appellerons  ce  phe'uomene  de  multiplication  la  polystimie  (de 
TroXi/?,  '  nombreux ',  et  o-rjpelov,  '  signification  ')." 

In  the  development  of  the  various  secondary  significations  of 
mant  and  vant  from  the  primary  one  of  possession  there  is,  how- 
ever, no  tendency  toward  restriction  of  meaning,  but  only  toward 
extension.  In  some  cases  this  extension  is  due  to  the  nature  of 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANX  AND    VAST   IN    SANSKRIT.  75 

the  meaning  of  the  words  to  which  the  suffixes  are  joined.  In 
other  cases  it  is  purely  psychological  in  origin.  40^  of  all 
possessives  in  mant  and  vant,  including  all  which  belong  to 
Classes  2  to  20,  owe  the  extension  of  their  meaning  to  one  of 
these  two  causes  or  to  a  combination  of  both.  The  individual 
meanings  are  then,  in  effect,  simply  variations  of  the  original 
theme,  in  some  cases  apparently  due  to  the  suggestion  or  exten- 
sion of  some  meaning  closer  to  the  primary  one.  So,  finally, 
thru  these  intermediate  steps  the  suffixes  come  to  mean  even  the 
direct  opposite  of  possession  and  signify  '  giving,  bestowing,  &c.', 
or  even  lose  all  signification  whatsoever. 

The  secondary  meaning  which  stands  closest  to  the  primary  one 
is  that  of  ' containing  the  word  or  root'  (Class  3).  Next  the 
suffixes  express  possession,  but  are  used  pregnantly  with  meliora- 
tive, majorative  or  pejorative  value  (Classes  10  and  19).  A 
further  variation  exists  in  the  formation  of  participles  (present 
active,  past  passive  and  perfect  active  participles)  by  mant  and 
vant  (Classes  2,  5  and  6).  The  transition  from  simple  possession 
may  be  clearly  seen-in  such  examples  as  usmavant,  '  burning',  < 
usma,  '  heat ' ;  ddhavant,  '  heated ',  <  daha,  '  heat ' ;  gatavant, 
( going/  '  having  gone,'  <  gata  (both  past  passive  participle  and 
noun),  and  then  tyaktavant,  '  having  left,'  <  tyakta,  '  left '.  Class 
12,  which  includes  the  words  in  which  the  mant  or  vant  is  a 
noun-suffix  of  agency,  is  not  to  be  sharply  distinguished  from 
Class  6.  In  the  next  six  classes  (11,  9,  8,  13,  18,  15)  the 
suffixes,  especially  vant,  become  still  more  general  in  their  use  and 
express  in  a  broad  way  relation  or  connection.  Class  14  is  still 
further  from  Class  1.  In  this  class  mant  and  vant  are  used  as 
causative  suffixes.  In  Class  17  the  meaning  changes  from  sub- 
jective to  objective  and  the  suffix  becomes  equivalent  to  the 
English  suffix  -able.  In  Class  7  the  suffix  has  become  active 
instead  of  passive,  and  its  meaning  has  swung  to  the  opposite 
of  that  with  which  it  started,  signifying  ' giving'  instead  of 
'  having'.  In  Class  16  where  mant  and  vant  signify  resemblance, 
the  connection  of  meaning  with  Class  1  is  very  remote.  Finally, 
in  Class  4,  the  suffixes  have  no  meaning  whatever. 


76 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT   IN    SANSKRIT. 


The  gradual  extension  of  the  meaning  of  possession  as  well  as 
the  relations  of  the  various  secondary  meanings  to  the  original 
meaning  and  to  each  other  may  be  shown  in  a  rough  way  by  the 
following  diagram  in  which  the  figures  represent  the  numbers  of 
the  preceding  classes.  The  figures  are  to  be  read  counterclock- 
wise, thus  1,  3,  10,  19,  2,  5,  &c. 


10 


19 


PART  II. 

THE  SUFFIXES  MANT  AND  VANT  IN  AVESTAN. 


CHAPTER   I. 
THEIR  PHONETIC  CORRELATION. 

§  1.  The  role  of  the  suffixes  mant  and  vant  is  in  Avestan 
small  in  comparison  with  the  one  they  play  in  Sanskrit.  They 
occupy,  however,  an  important  position,  and  retain  distinctly  their 
identity.  In  Bartholomae's  Altiranisches  Worterbuch1  there  are, 
exclusive  of  variant  writings  of  the  same  word,  only  190  words 
with  the  mant  or  vant  suffix,  to  be  compared  with  two  or  three 
thousand  in  Sanskrit.  As  compared  with  mant,  vant  is  almost 
twice  as  common  as  it  is  in  Sanskrit.  Of  the  190  possessives  in 
Bartholomae,  168  end  in  vant  and  only  22  in  mant.  Thus  88% 
take  vant  and  12^  take  mant.  That  is,  in  Avestan  the  mant 
suffixes  are  only  about  ^  as  numerous  as  the  vant  suffixes,  whereas 
in  Sanskrit  they  are  J  as  numerous. 

§  2.  a.  In  Avestan,  as  in  Sanskrit,  most  possessives  in  mant 
and  vant  are  formed  from  nouns.  The  proportion  is  even  larger 
in  Avestan  than  in  Sanskrit. 

b.  The  class  of  possessives  in  which  vant  is  added  to  the  past 
passive  participle,  which  is  large  in  Sanskrit,  is  represented  in 
Avestan  by  only  an  example  or  two.  vwarszdavant  is  the  only 

1  The  Avestan  possessives  in  mant  and  vant  are  indexed  according  to  finals  in  the 
appendix  to  Bartholomae' s  Worterbuch  on  p.  1953-4,  col.  3  ;  p.  1957-8,  cols.  2 
and  3 ;  p.  1959-60,  cols.  1,  2  and  3  ;  p.  1961-2,  col.  1  ;  p.  1985-6,  cols.  2  and  3. 
The  following  possessives  have  there  been  omitted :  fsumant,  1029  ;  saokavant, 
1550  ;  saotentavant,  1550 ;  zaranyavant,  1678 ;  zairimydvant,  1682.  The  latter 
figures  indicate  the  column  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary  in  which  each  word  is 
found.  All  five  possessives  belong  to  Index  B.  1.,  which  includes  substantives 
and  adjectives,  with  the  exception  of  names  of  persons  and  families. 

77 


78  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN. 

certain  instance.  Even  if,  as  has  been  suggested,  xsviptavant  is 
from  *xsvipta  (Sanskrit  ksipt<£),  the  latter  is  used  exactly  as  a 
noun,  altho  a  perfect  passive  participle  in  origin. 

c.  In  Sanskrit  the  suffixes  are  added  to  a  large  number  of 
adjectives.     There  are  very  few  such  cases  in  Avestan  : 

afrasahvant,  '  granting  a  wish  ',  <  afrasah,  '  one  whose  wish  is 
granted '  ; 

xvaetumant, '  containing  the  word  xvaetus ',  <  xvaetav,  '  belonging 
to'; 

pourumant,  'crowded',  <^pouru  (jparav),  'many'. 

d.  There  are  few  examples  in  Avestan  of  the  Sanskrit  forma- 
tion of  possessives  from  particles  or  adverbs  by  the  use  of  the 
suffixes.     *afraleavant  occurs  only  once  and  then  in  the  super- 
lative afrcJcavatfoma.     It   seems  to  be  derived  from  the  adverb 
fraka.     cvant  and  cavant  are  from  pronominal  stems,  but  directly 
from  cil  or  cl,  adverbial  instrumental  of  kav  and  kay.    ustavant  is 
derived  from  an  adverb,  but  it  means  '  containing  the  word  usta ' 
and  belongs  to  the  following  class. 

e.  As  in  Sanskrit,  the  suffixes  may,  theoretically,  at  least,  be 
added  to    any  part   of  speech    in    the   meaning  '  containing  the 
word'.     The  scope  of  this  class,  which  includes  some  150  words 
in  Sanskrit,  is,  however,  restricted  in  Avestan  to  the  following 
four  examples : 

xvaetumant,  '  containing  the  word  xvaetus ',  <  xraetav,  adjective ; 
ahtsma/ntf  i  containing  the  word  ahu ',  <  ahii,  noun  ; 
ustavant,  '  containing  the  word  usta ',  <  usta,  adverb  ; 
rcdwmant,  '  containing  the  word  ratav ',  <  ratav,  noun. 

f.  As  in  Sanskrit  there  is  a  group  of  a  dozen  words  or  less  in 
which  vant  is  added  to  pronominal  stems  to  express  resemblance. 
Most  of  the  examples  are  identical  in  Sanskrit  and  Avestan. 

The  Avestan  cases  are  : 

avant, 

kvant  (Skr.  kwanf), 

aMavant  (Skr.  etavanC), 


THE  SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  79 

mavant  (Skr.  mavanfy, 

yavant  (Skr.  ydvanC), 

avavant, 

havant, 

yiismavant,  xsmavant  (Skr.  yusmavanf), 

Owdvant  (Skr.  tvdvant), 

hvdvant, 

cvant,  eavant  (Skr.  kivant), 

cydvant. 

g.  Jackson  (Gram.,  §  857,  2)  wrongly  adds  the  possessives 
formed  by  vant  from  numerals  to  the  preceding  class,  where  the 
suffix  expresses  resemblance.  These  words  have  the  meaning  of 
simple  possession.  Thus,  satavant  means  '  hundred-fold ',  i.  e. 
' having  a  hundred'.  This  class  is  larger  in  Avestan  than  in 
Sanskrit,  satavant  and  hazavravant  being  the  only  words  in  the 
following  list  which  have  Sanskrit  equivalents.  In  Avestan  vant 
comes  to  have  a  distinctive  usage  with  numerals  and  adds  to 
them  the  meaning  '  -fold '. 

The  examples  are : 

vlsaitivant, 

ffrisadwant, 

ca  Owansa  6  want, 

pancasaOwant, 

xsvastivant, 

haptaiOivant, 

dstaidivant, 

navaitivant, 

satavant, 

hazanravant. 

h.  In  Avestan  as  in  Sanskrit  the  suffixes  occasionally  appear 
to  form  primary  derivatives  (cf.  Whitney,  Skr.  Gram.,  §§  1233g., 
1235d.).  In  all  such  cases  the  possessives  may  have  been  formed 
from  nouns  which  do  not  appear  in  the  edited  literature.  Even  if 


80  THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN. 

the  suffixes  were  ever  added  directly  to  verbs  it  was  done  irregu- 
larly and  analogically.  Analogy  between  verbs  and  nouns  as  the 
first  element  of  mant  and  vant  possessives  may  have  been  estab- 
lished by  means  of  the  use  (in  Sanskrit  very  frequent)  of  vant 
with  past  passive  participles,  especially  in  the  formation  of  past 
active  participles.  But  there  is  no  evidence  that  either  suffix  was 
ever  felt  or  treated  as  a  suffix  of  primary  derivation. 

A  few  Avestan  examples  of  possible  primary  derivation  are  : 


vlvahvant, 
isvant. 

i.  To  complete  this  paragraph  on  the  parts  of  speech  to  which 
the  suffixes  are  joined  two  words  of  doubtful  origin  must  be  added, 
viz.  utavant,  barszis-havant. 

§  3.  In  the  Avesta  we  find  still  operating  the  Indo-Iranian 
rules  for  the  distribution  of  mant  and  vant.  mant  has  not  begun 
to  any  great  extent  to  encroach  upon  vant,  as  it  has  in  the  Veda. 
For  an  account  of  the  historical  development  of  the  rules  see  Part 
I,  Chap.  I,  §  17.  In  the  Avesta  mant  is  employed,  with  very  few 
exceptions,  only  after  u  (including  u  and  ao,  the  Avestan  form  of 
the  Indo-Iranian  diphthong  ait)  ;  elsewhere  vant  is  found.  The 
Avestan  rules  are  : 

1.  After  a  word  ending    in    u,  u  (or  ao),  or  in  a  consonant 
preceded  by  u,  u  (or  ao),  mant  was  used. 

2.  After  all  other  words  vant  was  used. 

We  shall  now  investigate  in  detail  the  operation  of  these  rules. 

§  4.  The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  mant  and 
vant  among  137  words  which  end  in  vowels.  The  table  is  fol- 
lowed by  lists  of  all  the  words  which  are  counted  in  it. 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VAN!  IN    A  VEST  AN. 


81 


Final  Vowel 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.      a 

81 

2 

2.     a 

11 

0 

3.     9 

0 

1 

4.     ae 

1 

0 

5.     ao 

0 

1 

6.     i 

20 

1 

7.     i 

0 

1 

8.     u 

2 

14 

9.     it 

0 

2 

Totals 

115 

22 

Following  are  the  examples  for  each  vowel  with  each  suffix. 
1.    a  with  vant. 

avant,1  drafsakavant,  marzdikavant,  pairikavant,  ay  avant, 
mazgavant,  cavant  (cf.  evant),  haSdnaepatavant,  satavant,  aetavant, 
sattavant,  utavant  (?),  xsviptavant,  zastavant,  Istavant,  ustavant, 
daxstavant,  vdhrkavant,  myazdavant,  vivanzdavant,  mizdavant, 
dasaOavant,  pavant,  ustdnavant,  ustanavant,  spdnavant,  gaona- 
vant,  raocinavant,  saocinavant,  azinavant,  tizinavant  (cf.  tizvanfy, 
ahunavant,  vohunavant,  raoynavant,  arsnavant,  mavant,  amavant, 
dmavant,  paemavant,  gaomavant,2  haomavant,  yavant,  mdyavant,3 

1Some  consider  avant  a  contraction  by  haplology  from  avavant  (<^ava)  ;  cf. 
Jackson,  Gram.,  §§  194,  442  ;  and  KZ.  xxix,  498.  Bartholomae  (  Worterbuch, 
s.  v.  avant)  considers  this  unnecessary  and  says  it  is  perhaps  a  new  formation  from 
y avant,  like  yahmdi,  ahmdi,  &c. 

*The  origin  of  gaomavant  is  a  matter  of  dispute.  Jackson  (Avesta  Reader)  de- 
rives it  from  a  noun  *gaoma,  but  no  such  noun  has  been  reported.  Bartholomae 
thinks  that  gaomavant  comes  from  gaomant  and  receives  the  extra  syllable  thru 
analogy  with  haomavant  with  which  it  is  found  in  9  out  of  11  passages  (cf.  Bar- 
tholomae, IF.  in,  3,  and  Worterbuch,  s.  v.  gaomavant).  It  must  be  noticed,  how- 
ever, that  the  meaning  of  gaomavant  is  different  from  that  of  gaomant,  but  is  the 
same  as  that  of  gaoman.  May  it  not  be  that  in  gaomavant  we  have  *gao-man-vant  ? 
cf.  Avestan  paemavant  <  paeman  and  Eig-Vedic  ydtumavant,  slldmdvant.  Of  course 
haomavant  may  have  influenced  this  formation.  See  Part  I,  Chap,  n,  §  10. 

3 mdyavant  is  a  &ira.%  \ey6fj.fvov  (HaSoxt  Nask,  2,  16).     The  text  is  very  ques- 


82  THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN. 

vayctvant,1  avcwant,  savavant,  daevavant,  nivavant, 
hunaravant,  kdravant,  caxravant,  brdtravant,  vastravant,  vdstra- 
vant,  urvistravant,  dOravant,  xvd0ravant,  cidravant,  pdffravant,2 
pudravant,  harddravant,  vzrdOravant,  hazawravant,  anusavant,  asa- 
vant,  msavant,  vWusavant,  havant,  bamishavant,  yaoxstavcmt 
(cf.  yaoxstivanfy,  saokavant,  saofantavant,  arsavant,  drdzavant, 
fydryavant  (cf.  tqOryavant),  paityarsavant,3  bdnzavant,  vyarsavant, 
*afrakavant,*  qfrakaSavant.5 

a  with  manL 
yatamant,6  araffamant. 

2.  a  with  vant. 

xstdvant,  yusmdvant,  xsmdvant,  cydvant,  vydvant,  Qwdvant, 
hvdvant,  vohvavant,  zaranydvant,  tyOrydvant  (cf.  tydryavaid}, 
zairimydvant. 

3.  9  with  mant. 
raoxsnymantJ 

tionable  and  the  origin  of  this  word  uncertain.  On  the  authority  of  the  Pehlevi 
translation  Bartholomae  compares  mayah.  mdyavant  may  however  be  from  maya, 
with  shortening  of  the  final  a. 

1  vayavant  is,  according  to  Bartholomae,  formed  in  connection  with  the  thematic 
cases  of  3my,  m.  Such  a  derivation  is  at  least  open  to  question.  There  may  have 
been  a  neuter  noun-stem  vaya  beside  vay,  as  in  Sanskrit  ( Rig- Veda,  &c. )  vdyas,  nt 
stands  beside  vt,  m. 

2<*p<z0ra.     Cf.,  possibly,  patra  in  Kig-Veda,  I,  121,  1. 

3 paityarsavant,  nom.  prop.,  is  a  <5to-a|  \ey6ftevov  of  doubtful  origin.  Bartholo- 
mae questioningly  compares  ansyant.  But  arsavant,  nom.  prop.,  occurs  only  in 
this  passage  with  paityarsavant  (Yt.  13,  109)  and  is  doubtless  of  the  same  origin. 
The  two  words  are  probably,  arsa-vant  ( Sanskrit  rksa-vant,  nom.  prop. )  and 
paiti-arsa-vant.  • 

*  Only  in  superlative  afrakavastama,  Yt.  1 3,  26. 

5  This  word  is  seen  by  Spiegel  in  afrakaSavaitim  (Yt.  13,  100).     But  the  latter 
is  considered  by  Bartholomae  a  future  passive  participle  in  origin. 

6  Darmesteter  (Le  Zend-Avesta,  2,    277)  and    Bartholomae  (WB.,  s.  v.)  read 
for  Vd.  20,  1  ydtamatfim  for  the  manuscript's  yatumatam.     It  is  better  to  consider 
it   with   Wackernagel   (KZ.    XLIII,    277)   as  a  form  of   the   familiar  adjective 
ydtumant. 

7  Bartholomae  thinks  that  raoxswmant  is  from  raoxsna.     For  the  9  <  a  cf.  Iran. 
Orundriss,  I,  1,  p.  173.     But  Spiegel  (p.  221)  more  reasonably  derives  it  from 
raoxsnu  (Skr.  rocisnu). 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  83 

4.  ae  with  vant. 
raevant. 

5.  ao  with  mant. 
gaomant. 

6.  i  with  vant. 

navaitivant,  vanaitivant,  vlsaitivant,  arditivant,  frazaintivant, 
dzantivant,  ham-var&itivant,  nairyam-ham-vdrditivant,  cistivant, 
xsvastivant,  yaoxstivant  (cf.  yaoxstavanfy,  haptaiOivant,  dstcddivant, 
diBivant,  rdmanivant,  ndirivant,  asivant,  karsivant,  stivant,  fifsmai- 
nivant.1 

i  with  mant. 


7.  I  with  mant. 
afrasimant.3 

8.  u  with  vant. 

harahuvatl  (cf.  haraxvaiti),  siJcayahuvatl  (?). 

u  with  man^. 

ratumant,  xratumant,  ydtumant,  haetumant,  xvaetumant,  ma§u- 
tj    bdnwnant  (cf.   bdnvanf),  zaranumant,   zarmumant,  pouru- 
mant,  nasumant,  frasumant,  ahumant,  vohumant. 

9.  u  with  mant. 
vi-xrumant,  fsumant. 

§  5.  We  shall  now  investigate  in  detail  the  application  of  the 
rules  to  stems  ending  in  a  consonant.  The  following  table  lists 
each  vowel  that  occurs  before  a  final  consonant  and  indicates  the 
number  of  words  in  which  each  suffix  follows  it. 

1  Found  only  as  afsmainivan  which  Jackson   considers  a  nom.  ace.  voc.  plu. 
form,  but  which  Bartholomae  considers  an  adverb. 

2  By  haplology,  perhaps,  <^*irimamant  (*irima  =  irima,  m. ). 

5 Perhaps  for  afrasumant  «a+/ra-«au,  f.).     The  reading  is   not  good  (Yt. 
13,  57). 


84 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN. 


Penultimate 
Vowel  x 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  vant 

Number  of  words  in  which 
it  occurs  before  mant 

1.     a 

34 

0 

2.     a 

2 

0 

3.       9 

10 

0 

4.        9 

1 

0 

5.    a 
6.     t 

1 

9 

0 
0 

7.     5 

1 

0 

8.     w 

0 

1 

Totals 

58 

1 

The  examples  follow : 

1.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

astvant,  panca-sadwant,  OrisaOwant,  caOwardsaffwani,  xranvant 
(cf.  xv9nvanf),  asnvant  (i.  e.  asnuvanfy,  pasvant,  raocahvant, 
vardcahvant,  aojahvant,  iOyejahvant,  a-idyejahvant,  cazdahvant, 
baoSahvant,  spanahvant,  aenahvant,  zaenahvant,  *xra6want,  afnah- 
vant,  tafnahvant,  parvnahvant,  tfar&nahvard,  temahvant,  nymahvant, 
0amnahvant,  Swayahvani,  savahvant,  tbaesahvant,  aosahvant, 
pdzahvant,  sawhvant  (i.  e.  *saiahuvant'),  arzjahvant,  vlvahvant,2 
haraxvaitl  (cf.  harahuvati). 

2.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 

banvant  (for  *banuvant.  Cf.  Avestan  banumant  and  Sanskrit 
bhdnumdnfy,  afrasdhvant. 

3.    Penultimate  9  with  vant. 

drdgvant  (cf.  drvant*),  fracarddwant,    stdrjQwant,3 
mdnOwant,  a/radzrdsvant,  bdzvant?  arzzvant,3  sp&razvant, 

1  On  the  use  here  of  the  word  'penultimate',  cf.  Part  I,  Chap.  I,  §  6,  note. 

*  vlvahvant  is  probably  a  primary  derivative.  Compare  Jackson,  Gram,,  §821, 
and  Sanskrit  vivasvant,  vivasvant  (Whitney,  Gram.,  §  1233g.). 

3  May  be  a  primary  derivative.  Cf.  Bartholomae,  Worterbuch  ;  Jackson,  Gram., 
§  821  ;  Spiegel,  Grammatik,  p.  195. 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN.  85 

4.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 
xv5nvant  (cf.  xvanvant). 

5.  Penultimate  a  with  vant. 
pasnvant  (i.  e.  pasnuvant}. 

6.  Penultimate  i  with  vcroi. 

anupoiQwant,  afro-urvisvant,  tbisvant,  daibisvant,  mazisvant,1 
draosisvant,  tizvant  (cf.  tizinavani},  GrimiOwant,  isvant.2 

7.  Penultimate  I  with  vant. 
hymurvlsvant. 

8.  Penultimate  rt  with  mant. 
nawhusmant. 

In  two  cases  vant  follows  an  r  which  has  been  vocalised  by 
contraction  : 

drvant  <  drug  (cf.  dragvanf), 
xrvant  (for  *xruvanf). 

In  two  other  cases  contraction  has  resulted  in  the  absence  of 
either  final  or  penultimate  vowel  in  the  stem  : 

cvant  (cf.  eavanf), 
kvant  (cf.  preceding). 

§  6.  An  investigation  of  the  mant  and  vant  material  that 
Avestan  and  Sanskrit  have  in  common  should  yield  information 
in  regard  to  the  rules'  of  phonetic  correlation  of  the  suffixes  in 
Indo-Iranian  and  the  degree  to  which  Avestan  has  followed  those 
rules. 

1  Bartholomae  derives  MdCtwofri  <  *mazi~s,  nt.  (=mazah  ?).  But mazah  =  Sanskrit 
mdhas  (mdhasvanl) .    mazisvant  is  perhaps  to  be  compared  with  Sanskrit  mahiwant 
(EV.  vn,  68,  5). 

2  Bartholomae    considers  isvant  ( nom.  prop. )  a   primary  derivative  <  j/  aes. 
Spiegel  (Grammatik,  p.  195)  thinks  that  it  may  be  secondary  from  a  lost  noun- 


86 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN. 


In  the  following  parallels  between  Sanskrit  and  Avestan  all 
the  possessives  in  the  Sanskrit  column  are  found  either  in  Rig- 
Veda  or  Atharva-Veda  or  both.  Only  such  Avestan  words  are 
listed  as  are  practically  transliterations  of  the  corresponding 
Sanskrit  words.  It  may,  therefore,  be  safely  assumed  that  nearly 
all  of  the  possessives  in  the  following  columns  are  genuine  Indo- 
Iranian  material,  and  existed  in  essentially  the  same  form  in  Indo- 
Iranian  times. 


AVESTAN 

dra/sakavant 

cvant,  cavant,  kvant 

satavant 

aetavant 

zastavant 

spdnavant 

raoeinavant 

mavant 

amavant,  zmavant 

haomavant 

yavant 

daevavant 

hazawravant 

msavani 

yusmavant,  xsmdvant 

Qwdvant 

raevant 

hvdvant 


xvanvanf,  xv5nvant 
mazisvant 
aojahvant 
aenahvant 


SANSKRIT 

drapsdvant 

kwant 

gatdvant 

etdvant 

hdstavant 

gvdnvant 

rocandvant 

mavant 

dmavant 

sdmavant 

yavant 

devdvant 

sahdsravant 

visdvcint 

yusmavant 

tvdvant 

revdnt,  rayivdnt  (rayimdnf) 

svdvant    (different     from     the 

Avestan  word  in  usage  and 

meaning) 
svarvant 
mdhisvant l  (?) 
ojasvant 
enasvant 


1 A  #ra£  \eyb[j*vovot  doubtful  origin  in  both  Sanskrit  and  Avestan. 
seen  the  two  words  compared  elsewhere. 


I  have  not 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  87 

afnahvant  dpnasvant 

tvmahvant  tdmasvant 

nzmahvant  ndmasvant 

pdzahvant  pajasvant  (?) 

zaranydvant.  hiranyavant 

vwahvant  vivasvant,  vivd&vant 

hara^uvafi,  haraxvaitl  sdrasvafi, 

gaomant  gomant 

xratumant  krdtumant 

ydtumant  yatumdnt 

maSumant  mddhumant 

bdnumant  bhdnumdnt 

vohumant  vdsumant 

fsumant  ksumant l 

These  36  parallels  can  leave  little  doubt  that  in  Indo-Iranian 
mant  followed  u  and  u  and  vant  all  other  vowels.  The  list  pre- 
sents no  exception  to  that  rule.  In  all  the  examples  the  same 
suffix  is  used  with  the  same  word  in  both  Sanskrit  and  Avestan. 

§  7.  In  the  following  words  Sanskrit  and  Avestan  show  almost 
the  same  parallelism.  The  Sanskrit  possessives  are  not  found  in 
Rig- Veda  nor  Atharva-Veda,  but  they  may  easily  have  existed  in 
early  times  and  may  be  a  direct  heritage  from  Indo-Iranian. 

AVESTAN  SANSKRIT 

ayavant  aghdvant 

mazgavant  majjanvdnt 

caxravant  cakravant 

brdtravant  bhrdtrmant 

vastravant  vastravant 

ciOravant  citravant 

puOravatit  putrdvant 

asavant  rtavant 

frazaintivant  prajatimant 

iCf.  Bloomfield,  IF.,  xxv,  185. 


88  THE   SUFFIXES   3TAST  AND    VAST  IN    AVESTAN. 

cistivant  citti,  f.  and  citi-mant 

arsavant  fksavant  (?) 

arthavant 


Each  of  these  12  possessives  has  the  same  suffix  in  Avestan 
and  Sanskrit  except  4,  viz.,  Avestan  brdtravant  (Sanskrit 
bhratrmanfy,  Avestan  frazaintivant  (Sanskrit  prajdtimanfy,  Aves- 
tan cistivant  (Sanskrit  citimant\  Avestan  arsdaniant  (Sanskrit 
arthavant).  In  brdtravant,  frazaintivant  and  qistivant  the  Avestan 
has  preserved  the  Indo-Iraniau  usage,  while  the  post-Vedic,  as 
we  have  seen,  employs  mant  after  r  and  i.  The  only  anomaly  in 
the  entire  list  is  Avestan  andamant,  for  which  I  have  no 
explanation. 


CHAPTER   II. 
SAMDHI. 

§  1.  In  Avestan  the  suffixes  mant  and  vant  are  added  to  the 
stems  according  to  the  rules  of  internal  combination.  As  in 
Sanskrit,  however,  the  stem-finals  sometimes  undergo  certain 
special  alterations  before  the  possessive  suffixes. 

The  first  of  these  is  lengthening  of  the  final  stem-vowel.  It 
is  very  much  less  frequent  in  Avestan  than  in  Sanskrit,  and  is 
restricted  to  the  lengthening  of  a.  The  only  cases  are : 

zaranyavant, 

zairimyavant) 

yiismavant,  xsmavant, 

cydvant, 

Owdvant, 

hvdvant, 

§  2.  Shortening  of  the  final  stem-vowel  is  in  Avestan  more 
frequent  than  lengthening  and  proportionately  more  frequent  than 
shortening  in  Sanskrit. 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND     VANT   IN    AVESTAN.  89 

The  examples  are  : 

pairikavant,  <  pairikd  • 

haSanaepataxxmt,  <  haSdnaepatd ; 

pavant,  <  *pa(y) ; 

mdyavant,  <  mdyd  ?  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  4,  note.) ; 

ndirivant,  <  mirl ; 

ahumant,  <  a/m. 

If  it  be  assumed  from  the  evidence  of  Sanskrit  mdvant,  tvavant, 
yusmdvant,  yuvavant,  tdvant,  etavant,  yavant,  want,  kivant,  and  of 
Avestan  yusmdvant,  xsmdvant,  cydvant,  dwdvant,  hvdvant  that  in 
Indo-Iranian  the  final  vowels  of  pronominal  stems  were  always 
lengthened  before  vant  expressing  resemblance,  then  we  may  add 
the  following  words  to  the  list  of  those  in  Avestan  whose  final 
stern-vowel  is  shortened  before  mant  and  vant : 

avant, 

aetavant, 

mavant, 

yavant} 

avavant, 

havant. 

§  3.  Loss  of  final  vowel.  There  are  as  many  cases  in  Avestan 
as  in  Sanskrit  of  the  loss  of  final  stem-vowel  before  mant  and 
vant.  They  are,  as  Whitney  calls  them  (Gram.,  1233e.),  special 
irregularities.  The  examples  are  : 

cvant,  for  *cuvant  or  *clvant  <  cu  (<  kav)  or  ci  (<  kay).  Cf. 
cavant  and  kvant  and  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss,  I,  1,  §  268, 
12,  17. 

kvant,  for  *klvant  (<  kay).  Cf.  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss, 
i,  1,  §  268,  17. 

bdnvant,  <  *bdnuvant.  Cf.  Avestan  bdnumant,  Sanskrit  bhdnu- 
mdnt  and  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss,  I,  1,  §  268,  12. 

asnvant,  <  *asnuvant,  according  to  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grund- 
riss, I,  1,  §  268,  12.  Wackernagel  is  probably  correct  in  deriving 
asnvant  from  asan,  '  stone '  (KZ.  XLIII,  279). 


90  THE   SUFFIXES    MANX  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN. 

pasnvant,  for  *pq,snuvant  <  pasnav,  m.,  nt.  Cf.  Bartholomae, 
Iran.  Grundriss,  i,  1,  §  268,  12. 

xrvant,  for  *xruvant. 

drzzvant,  for  *drdzuvant  <  drdzav.  Cf.  Bartholomae,  /raw.  Grun- 
driss, i,  1,  §  268,  12. 

sawhvant,  for  *sar>huvant  <  sawhu,  f. 

*xra0want  (only  in  superlatives  xraOwista,  as-xraOwasizma)  < 
Indo-Iranian  *kratuant  <<  *kratuuant.  Cf.  xratumant  and  .B.B. 
xvn,  341  ;  ZDMG.  L,  690  ;  .KZ.  XLIII,  278-9. 

anupoiOwant  <  *anu-paetav.  Cf.  &B.  xvn,  341  and  ZDMG. 
L,  690  ;  ^Z.  XLIII,  279. 

It  is  noticeable  that  with  the  exception  of  one,  or  possibly  two, 
cases  of  the  loss  of  i,  all  the  above  examples  show  the  loss  of  w 
or  w  before 


§  4.  There  is  in  Avestan  but  one  certain  example  of  the  loss  of 
a  final  consonant  before  the  possessive  suffix.  In  this  case  the  n 
of  final  an  disappears,  as  in  nearly  50  Sanskrit  possessives  (cf. 
Part  I,  Chap,  n,  §  7). 

paemavant  <  paeman. 

For  the  suggestion  that  gaomavant  may  be  derived  from  *gao- 
man-vant  and  belongs  in  this  paragraph,  see  Chap.  I,  §  4. 

§  5.  As  in  Sanskrit,  the  final  vowel  of  the  stem  is  several  times 
changed  in  quality  before  mant  and  vant.  These  changes  are,  for 
the  most  part,  mere  irregularities,  but  several  of  the  changes  are 
of  I  or  u  to  a  before  v,  a  change  that  is  shared  by  a  small  number 
of  other  Avestan  words.  Cf.  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss,  I,  1, 
§  268,  12,  17  ;  BB.,  vm,  230,  and  Geldner,  KZ.,  xxvn,  245. 

Following  are  the  examples  : 

cavant,  for  *cuvant  or  *ewant  <  cu  (<  kav},  or  <<  cl  (<  kay). 
Cf.  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss,  i,  1,  §  181,  a,  2,  and  §  268, 
12,  17. 

Istavant  (<  istay,  f.)  for  *istivant. 

vohunavant  <  *vohuna  =  vohuni  =  vohuni. 

yaoxstavant  =  yaoxstivant,  <  yaoxstay. 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  91 

dmavant,  nom.  prop.,  is  a  aTrag  keydpevov,  and  is  found  in  Yt. 
13,  125.  Its  derivation  is  in  doubt  and  Bartholomae  attempts  no 
explanation.  It  is  perhaps  from  drdzav,  m.  { the  right  way '  (cf. 
drdzav,  m.  nom.  prop.).  If  the  adjective  is  derived  from  wdzav, 
we  should  expect  *9rdzumant)  but  the  form  drazavant  is,  possibly, 
due  to  the  analogy  of  bzrdzavant,  which  is  also  the  name  of  a 
believer  and  which  shortly  precedes  the  only  occurrence  of  araza- 
vant,  being  found  in  Yt.  13,  119  and  Yt.  13,  124. 

raoxsndmant  <  raoxsna,  nt.  Cf.  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss, 
I,  1,  p.  173.  Spiegel  (Grammatik,  p.  221)  derives  the  adjective 
from  raoxsnav,  nt. 

afrasimant,  perhaps  for  *afrasumant)  <  a  -f/ra-sav,  f.  The 
reading  is  not  certain. 

§  6.  In  a  few  words  a  vowel  has  been  inserted  between  the 
stem  and  the  possessive  suffix.  There  are,  however,  no  cases  of 
inserted  consonant  as  in  Sanskrit. 

The  examples  follow  : 

a.  a  in 

vayavant,  which  is,  according  to  Bartholomae  ( Worterbuch, 
s.  v.)  from  vay,  m.  It  may  however  be  from  *vaya.  Cf.  Chap. 
I,  §  4,  note. 

vWusavant  <  *vWus. 

bdrdzavant,  probably  from  6ara2,  f.    Cf.  ZDMG.  L,  724. 

tizinavant.  Justi  (Grammatik,  §  384)  thinks  that  an  a  has  been 
inserted  in  this  word.  It  is  evidently  from  some  noun  derived 
from  tizi.  Bartholomae  compares  Sanskrit  tejasvant,  but  the 
resemblance  apparently  consists  only  in  containing  the  same  root 
(Sanskrit  ~[/tij}.  Cf.  Avestan  tizvant.  Why  not  compare  Sanskrit 
tiksnd? 

b.  a  in 

cyavant.  Caland  (KZ.  xxxm,  463)  says :  "  cydvant  ist  also 
nebenform  zu  cvant  und  hat  sein  a  wohl  in  anlenung  an  formen 
wie  aetavant,  avant,  tavant  bekommen,  welche  urspriinglich  langes 
a  hatten." 

c.  i  in 

rdmanivant  <C  rdman, 
afsmainivant  <  afsman. 


92  THE   SUFFIXES    JIAXT  AND     VAXT  IN    AVESTAN. 

§  7.  There  are  several  instances  of  contraction  or  of  loss  of  a 
final  stem-syllable  where  a  syllable  would  otherwise  be  repeated. 
Cf.  Bartholomae,  Iran.  Grundriss,  i,  1,  §  306,  Altiranische 
Dialektc,  §69,  3;  Jackson,  Gram.,  §  194;  and  ZDHG.  XLVIII, 
148. 

avant.  This  word  is  considered  by  some  a  contraction  of 
avavant  (<  am).  Cf.  KZ.  xxix,  498  ;  Brugmann,  Grundriss, 
2nd.  edition,  I,  p.  860;  Jackson,  Gram.,  §§  194,  442.  For 
Bartholomae's  theory  cf.  Chap.  I,  §  4,  note. 

xstdvant  <  *X8tdvavant. 

vydvant.  Bartholomae  (Iran.  Grundriss,  I,  1,  §  268,  15,  37 
and  Worterbuch,  s.  v.)  derives  this  word  from  *vl-wd,  f.  <  y'bd, 
i.  e.  vydvant  is  <  *vivdvant  (for  *vlwdvant'). 

vohvdvant,  perhaps  for  *vohu-wd  <  vohu  -f-  *bd,  f. 

raevant,  <  Indo-Iranian  *ra  (i)i-uant.  Cf.  Bartholomae,  Iran. 
Grundriss,  i,  1,  §  81  and  Sanskrit  revdnt,  rayivdnt. 

drvant  <  *druvant  <  *drugvant  <<  tZrwgr,  f.  (?).  (Cf.  dragvant 
<drug).  Cf.  Bartholomae,  /ran.  Grundriss,  i,  1,  §§  268,  10, 
275  ;  IF.,  xii,  130  ;  Justi,  Grammatik,  §  102. 

irimant  <  *irimamant  (*irima  =  irlma,  m.).  Cf.  Bartholomae, 
/raw.  Grundriss,  i,  1,  §  268,  1. 

dOravant  occurs  only  once  (Vldevdat,  3,  2)  and  according  to 
the  Pehlevi  version  is  for  *d0ravanvant,  but  Bartholomae  better 
derives  it  from  dtar,  m.  Wackernagel  (KZ.,  XLIII,  278)  con- 
siders it  from  ddravavant. 

asnvant,  probably  <  asan  (cf.  §  3.) 

§  8.  There  are  three  cases  of  metathesis  of  the  last  vowel  and 
consonant  of  the  stem  before  the  possessive  suffix.  This  pheno- 
menon has  no  parallel  among  the  rnant  and  vant  possessives  in 
Sanskrit.  Two  of  the  examples  below  evidence  the  frequent 
metathesis  of  r  in  Avestan.  Cf.  ZDHG.  L,  724  and  IF.  v,  363. 
arsnavant  is  explained  by  Brugmann  (Grundriss,  2nd.  edition,  n, 
1,  §  353)  on  the  ground  of  arsnam,  the  accusative  singular  form 
of  arson. 

The  cases  are : 


THE   SUFFIXES    XAST  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  93 

arsnavant  <^  arsan, 
brdtravant  <  brdtar, 
dOravant  <  dtar. 

§  9.     Miscellaneous. 

bardzis-havant.  Bartholomae  (  Wortcrbuch,  s.  v.)  says  this  word 
is  "  schrullenhaft  statt  barazisvant  geschrieben ".  Cf.  Sanskrit 
barhismant. 

spdnavant,  from  the  nominative  dual  of  span,  m.  (cf.  Sanskrit 
apsumdnt  <  the  locative  plural  of  dp). 


CHAPTER   III. 
MEANING. 

The  various  meanings  that  mant  and  vant  bring  to  a  word 
when  added  to  it  fall  into  much  the  same  general  classes  in 
Avestan  as  in  Sanskrit,  and  the  number  of  the  classes  in  this 
chapter  will  therefore  correspond  with  those  in  Chapter  in  of 
Part  I.  Several  classes  will  be  found  to  be  without  representa- 
tion in  Avestan,  but  this  is  doubtless  due  in  nearly  every  case  to 
the  small  number  of  possessives  in  mant  and  vant  in  Avestan  as 
compared  with  that  in  Sanskrit. 

§  1.    The  proportion  of  words  in  Avestan  which  retain  clearly 
the  idea  of  possession  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  Sanskrit,  more  than 
%  of  all  possessives  having  this  meaning. 
The  examples  follows  : 

aojahvant,  '  strong ',  -<  aojah,  '  strength  '  • 
ajavant,  '  full  of  dangers  J,  <  aya,  '  danger ' ; 
amavant,  dmavant,  '  powerful ',  <  am«,  ;>ma,  '  power  ' ; 
arditivant,  <  avaricious ',  <  ardtay,  '  avarice ' ; 
arsnavant,  'having  a  stallion  ',  <  arsan,  ( stallion  '  ; 
dOravant,  '  having  fire ',  <  dtar,  '  fire '  ; 
Istavant,  (  wealthy ',  <  Istay,  '  wealth ' ; 


94  THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN. 

ustanavant,  '  having  life  ',  <  iistana,  '  life ' ; 
gaonavant,  '  having  hair ',  <  gaona,  '  hair '  • 
xratumant,  '  wise ',  <  xratav,  '  wisdom ' ; 

pourumant,  '  crowded',  i.  e.  '  having  many',  <^parav,  'many' ; 
brdtravant,  '  having  brothers ',  <  bratar,  '  brother ' ; 
yaoxstivant,  yaoxstavant,  ( active ',  <  yaoxstay,  '  activity '  ; 
vanaitivant,  '  victorious ',  <  vanatay,  '  victory ' ; 
vardcahvant,  ( powerful ',  <  vardcah,  '  power '  ; 
Vdrz9ravant,  i  victorious ',  <  varddra,  '  victory  ' ; 
visavant,  '  poisonous ',  <  vlsi,  '  poison  ' ; 

raocahvant, '  light '  (adjective),  <  raoeah,  '  light'  (noun),  < rao&, 
( light '  (verb)  ; 

spanalivant,  ( sanctus ',  <<  spanah,  '  sanctitas ' ; 

aWyejahvant,  '  having  no  danger ' ; 

afnahvant,  '  rich  in  property ' ; 

afraddrdsvant,  i  having  no  outlook ' ; 

astaiOivant,  'eighty-fold',  i.  e.  '  having  eighty'; 

ahunavant,  ( containing  the  Ahuna ' ; 

ahumant,  'one  who  posseses  an  Ahu'; 

diOivant,  'full  of  harm',   'danger'; 

ustdnavant,  'having  life' ; 

gaomant,  '  having  cattle '  ; 

gaomavant,  '  having  milk  ' ; 

xsvastivant,  '  sixty-fold ',  i.  e.  '  having  sixty '  ; 

ca6war9sa9want,  '  forty-fold '  ; 

Orisa0want,  '  thirty-fold '  ; 

pancasaOwant,  '  fifty-fold  '  ; 

vlsaitivant,  '  twenty-fold ' ; 

satavant,  '  hundred-fold ' ; 

sp^r^zvant)  '  having  jealousy ',  '  a  rival ' ; 

haptaidivant,  '  seventy-fold '. 

Further,  afrourvisvant,  anupoiOwant,  anusavant,  ardjahvant, 
araOamant,  arsavant(ty,  astvant,  azinavant,  asavant,  asivant, 
dzantivant,  drdzvant  (?),  *xra6want,  xrvant,  xstdvant,  xsviptavant, 
caxravant,  cazdahvant,  ci9ravanty  cistivant,  ta/nahvarnt)  fomahvant, 
daxstavant,  dasaOavant,  drafsakavant,  0amnahvant,  Qwayahvant, 


THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN.  95 

iOyejahvant,  tbaesahvant,  tbisvant,  daibisvant,  pardnahvant,  pasvant, 
pasnvant,  puOravant,  baoSahvant,  bardzavant  (?),  fracardOwant, 
frazaintivant,  frasumant,  fsumant,  nairyam-ham-vdrstivant,  ndiri- 
vant,  ndmahvant,  maSumant,  marzdikavant,  mazisvant,  mazgavant, 
mdyavant  (?),  mvsdavant,  myazdavant,  ydtamant,  vayavant,  vastra- 
vant,  vastravant,  V9ryzvant,  vohumant,  vohvdvant,  vixrumant,* 
v~ibwd0want}  vlvahvant,  raevant,  raoynavant,  raoxsn9mant}  raocina- 
vant,  ratumant,  rdmanivant,  irimant,  urvistravant,  saokdntavant, 
savavant,  spdnavant,  zaenahvant,  zaranydvant,  zairimydvant,  zardnu- 
mant,  zaranumant,  saetavant,  haMumant,  haomavant,  haSdnaepata- 
vant,  harahuvatl,  haraxvaitl,  hym-urvisvant,  Jiunaravant,  hvyOwavant, 
xvanvant,  xv9nvant,  xvar&nahvant,  xvddravant. 


§  2.  In  more  than  7  ^  of  the  possess!  ves  the  suffixes  convert 
the  word  to  which  they  are  added  into  a  present  active  participle, 
the  percentage  being  the  same  as  in  Sanskrit.  But  in  Avestan 
vant  is  never  added  to  the  past  passive  participle  to  form  present 
participles  as  was  frequently  done  in  post-Vedic  Sanskrit. 

Following  are  the  examples  : 

aenahvant,  c  practising  evil  '  ; 

afrasdhvant,  '  granting  '  ; 

afrasimant,  '  not  moving  forward  '  (cf.  further  KZ.  xxvii, 
228,  and  ZDMG.  L,  136)  ; 

ustanavant,  i  living  ',  <  ustana,  '  life  '  ; 

pavant,  '  protecting  '  ; 

mwryOwa/nt,  '  thinking  of  ; 

vydvant,  'beaming'  ; 

saocinavant,  (  flaming  '  ;  and 

isvant,  bdnumantj  bdnvant,  fracarsdwant,  frasumant,  ydtumant, 
stdrdOwant. 

§  3.  In  Sanskrit  nearly  150  possessives  have  the  meaning 
'  containing  the  root  or  word,  or  a  derivative  of  the  root  or 
word  '.  In  Avestan  this  number  is  reduced  to  4.  In  each 
language  this  meaning  was  an  independent  development.  In 
Sanskrit  it  is  post-Vedic  and  none  of  the  four  Avestan  examples 
is  found  in  Sanskrit. 


96  THE    SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN. 

The  Avestan  words  are  : 

ahumant,  '  containing  the  word  ahu  ' ; 
ustavant,  '  containing  the  word  usta  '  ; 
ratumant,  '  containing  the  word  ratav ' ; 
xraetumant,  'containing  the  word  xvaetus'. 

§  4.  Class  4,  in  which  the  suffixes  cause  no  change  in  meaning, 
is  entirely  unrepresented  in  Avestau.  The  reason  for  this  is 
doubtless  a  double  one.  First,  the  entire  number  of  mant's  and 
vant's  in  Avestan  is  so  small  that  the  number  of  examples  in  one 
of  the  smaller  Sanskrit  classes  may  by  chance  be  reduced  to  no 
representation  in  Avestan.  Second,  most  of  the  Sanskrit  pos- 
sessives  in  Class  4  are  derived  either  from  ordinary  adjectives  or 
from  past  passive  participles,  whereas  in  Avestan  the  suffixes  are 
added  to  only  four  adjectives  and  to  but  one  past  passive  parti- 
ciple. 

§  5.  Class  5,  in  which  mant  and  vant  convert  a  word  into  a 
past  passive  participle,  has  a  few  examples  in  Avestan.  The 
number  is  limited,  as  in  Class  4,  by  the  fact  that  the  suffixes  are 
not  (with  one  exception)  joined  to  past  passive  participles  in 
Avestan. 

Examples  are : 

tdmakvant,  '  deluded ',  <  tzmah,  l  darkness ' ; 
nasumant,  '  rendered  unclean  by  corpses ' ; 

nt,  nom.  prop.,  literally,  'darkened',  'deluded'. 


§  6.  There  is  but  one  example  in  Avestan  of  what  Whitney 
rather  inaccurately  calls  the  past  active  participle  in  tavant,  and 
which  is  so  common  in  classical  Sanskrit  (cf.  Whitney,  Gram., 
§§  959,  960.  For  further  references  see  Part  I,  Chap,  in,  §  6.). 
The  ta  is  the  ending  of  the  past  passive  participle  to  which  vant 
is  added,  producing  a  derivative  which  has  the  meaning  and 
construction  of  a  past  active  participle.  The  single  Avestan 
example  is  vlvardzdavant,  '  one  who  has  become  great  or  mighty ', 
<  varzzda,  past  passive  participle,  '  increased  ',  '  grown  great ',  < 
vardd,  'increase'. 


THE   SUFFIXES    MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN.  97 

§  7.  In  Avestan,  as  in  Sanskrit,  in  3  c/0  of  the  examples  the 
suffixes  are  used  actively  instead  of  passively  and  possessively, 
and  have  the  meaning  '  giving,  bestowing,  granting,  offering, 
yielding,  paying,  inflicting,  &c.' 

Thus  : 

pavant,  '  protecting ',  'giving  protection',  <;  *pd(y),  nt.,  'pro- 
tection ' ; 

paOravant,  '  granting  protection ',  <  *pa&ra,  '  protection  '  ; 

vldusavant,  '  furnishing  proof  of  guilt ',  <  mdiis,  ' proof  ; 

saokavant,  'yielding  profit',  <sao/ca,  'profit' ; 

hanOravant,  '  granting  protection  or  care ',  <  haraOra,  '  pro- 
tection '. 

§  8.  This  class,  in  which  mant  and  vant  signify  relation,  with 
the  meanings,  'connected  with,  relating  or  belonging  to',  is 
unrepresented  in  Avestan  except  by  drdgvant,  drvant,  '  one  who 
belongs  to  the  Drug ',  <<  drug, 

§  9.  There  are  practically  no  Avestan  examples  of  Class  9,  in 
which  the  suffixes  add  to  th'e  original  word  the  idea  ,of  accompani- 
ment or  association.  But  notice  daevavant,  '  accompanied  by  the 
Daevas '. 

§  10.  There  are  in  Sanskrit  some  40  or  50  possessives  in 
which  mant  and  vant  add  to  the  primary  a  meliorative  or  majora- 
tive  value.  The  only  word  in  Avestan  which  shows  any  such 
pregnant  use  of  either  suffix  is  : 

zastavant,  'energetic',  literally,  'having  hands ',  < zasta,  'hand'. 

Cf.  Sanskrit  hastavant,  which  in  Rig- Veda  means  '  having  hands ', 
and  in  the  Mahabharata  &c.  means  '  skilful  with  the  hands '. 

§  11.  This  class  is  proportionately  a  little  larger  in  Avestan 
than  in  Sanskrit.  Here  mant  and  vant  mean  '  surrounded  by  ', 
'  covered  with.'  Thus  : 

daevavant,  '  surrounded  by  the  Daevas  ' ; 

draosisvant,  name  of  a  mountain  (perhaps  <  *draosis,  'frag- 
ment ',  i.  e.  '  covered  by  fragments  of  rock ')  ; 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAN. 

iByejahvant,  *  surrounded  by  dangers  ',  <  iOyejah,  l  danger  '  j 
pairikavant,  '  surrounded  by  Pairika  '  ; 
vjhrkavant,  '  surrounded  by  wolves  '. 

§  12.  There  is  only  one  example  in  Avestan  of  Class  12,  in 
which  vant  is  used  as  a  noun-suffix  of  agency,  viz.,  karsivant, 
'  ploughman  ',  <  karsay,  '  furrow  '. 

§13.  Class  13,  in  which  the  suffixes  mean  '  consisting  of, 
'  composed  of,  is  unrepresented  in  Avestan. 

§  14.  In  several  Avestan  possessives  vant  has  causative  value 
and  means  '  making,  causing,  forming,  &c.'  Thus  : 

kdravant,  '  performing  deeds  ',  <  active  ',  <  *kara,  '  deed '  • 
savahvant,  '  procuring  profit  for',  <  savah,  '  profit ' ; 
stdrzOwant.     Bartholomae  ( Worterbuch,  s.  v.)  translates  the  last 
word  <zu  Boden  streckend ',   and  derives  it  from   "  *sfora£,  f., 
'  Niederwerfen ',  zum  |/  I  star."      But  stzrddwant  probably   is  a 
primary  derivative  and  does  not  belong  to  this  class. 

§  15.  This  class,  which  includes  words  in  which  the  suffixes 
express  a  state  of  contiguity,  { being  in,  near,  at  or  above ',  is 
unrepresented  in  Avestan. 

§  16.  As  in  Sanskrit,  vant  is  used  in  a  number  of  words  in 
Avestan  to  express  resemblance  or  similarity.  Also  as  in  Sans- 
krit, most  of  these  derivatives  are  formed  from  pronominal  stems 
(cf.  Bartholomae,  KZ.,  xxix,  497  ff.).  The  Avestan  has  all  of  the 
pronominal  possessives  of  the  Sanskrit  except  yuvdvant,  tdvant, 
want,  and  adds  avant,  avavant,  cyavant,  havant,  hvdvant.  The 
lengthening  of  the  final  vowel  of  the  pronominal  stem  which  is 
found  in  all  of  the  Sanskrit  examples  has  been  lost  in  Avestan, 
except  in  cydvant,  dwdvant,  yusmdvant,  zsmavant,  hvdvant. 

The  Avestan  examples  of  vant  with  pronominal  stems  are : 

aetavant,  '  tantus  ' ; 
avant,  '  tantus '  ; 
avavant,  '  tantus ' ; 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  99 

kvant,  '  quantus  ?  ' ; 

cydvant,  <  quantus  ? ' ; 

cvant,  cavant,  '  quantus  ?  ' ; 

Bwdvant,  <  like  thee ' ; 

mavant,  ( like  me '  ; 

yavanty  '  quantus ' ; 

yusmdvant,  xsmdvant,  '  like  you ' ; 

havant,  ( equally  much  ',  l  equally  great ' ; 

hvdvant,  'like  himself. 

In  Sanskrit  vant  is  used  also  with  a  half-dozen  or  so  non -pro- 
nominal stems  to  express  resemblance.  Only  one  such  example 
appears  in  Avestan,  viz., 

afsmainivant,  '  like  lines  of  verse '  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  4). 

Notice,  however,  the  adverb  vaoastastivat,  '  strophe-like ',  <  the 
adjective  *vacastastivant,  '  as  the  strophes  are ',  <C  the  noun 
vajcastasti,  '  strophe '. 

§  17.  The  Avestan  has  but  one  possible  example  of  words  in 
which  mant  and  vant  are  used  equivalently  to  the  English  suffix 
-able,  viz., 

afrakaSavaitl  (?),  *  immovable '  (cf.  Chap.  I,  §  4,  note). 

§  18.  In  several  Avestan  words  mant  and  vant  mean  '  engaged 
in',  'practising/  viz., 

aenahvant,  l  practising  evil ' ; 

yatumant,  '  practising  witchcraft ',  <  ydtav,  '  witchcraft ' ; 

asavant,  'righteous'. 

§  19.  The  suffixes  mant  and  vant  do  not,  apparently,  ever  have 
pejorative  value  in  Avestan. 

§  20.  This  class  includes  all  words  which  have  not  been  classi- 
fied above.  Each  of  the  following  meanings  of  the  suffixes  is 
found  in  only  one  word. 

a.    aosakvant,  '  subject  to  death  ',  <  aosah,  l  death  '. 
7 


100  THE    SUFFIXES    J1AKT  AND    VANT  IN    AVESTAX. 

b.  afrasahvant,  '  granting  a  wish  ',  <  afrasah,  adjective,  '  one 
who  has  obtained  his  wish  '. 

c.  nasumant,  '  rendered  unclean  by  corpses  ',  <  na.su,  (  corpse  '. 

d.  savhvant,  '  maintaining  the  law ',  <  sanhu,  '  law  '. 

It  is  difficult  or  impossible  to  classify  the  following  words 
because  of  uncertainty  of  etymology  or  meaning : 

*afmkawmt  (cf.  Chap,  i,  §  2) ; 
asnvant,  nom.  prop. ; 
9r»zavant,  nom.  prop.; 
utavant ; 

tizinavant,  '  sharp  ' ; 
tizvant,  id. ; 

OrimiOwant,  nom.  prop.; 
paityar savant,  nom.  prop.; 
pazahvant ; 
b&eoa/nt)  '  firm ' ; 
navhusmant,  nom.  prop. ; 
nivavant ; 

vyarsavanty  nom.  prop.  ; 
sikaya^uvatl,  nom.  prop. ; 
stivant,  nom.  prop. 

§  21.  A  comparison  of  the  preceding  chapter  with  Chapter  in 
of  Part  I  will  show  that  so  far  as  the  meaning  of  the  possessives 
is  concerned  the  Avestan  has  remained  closer  to  the  original  Indo- 
Iranian  than  has  the  Sanskrit.  In  fact  the  various  semantic 
ramifications  of  mant  and  vant  in  Avestan  correspond  very  closely 
to  those  in  Rig- Veda.  Four  classes  which  express  in  a  broad 
way  relation  or  connection  (8,  13,  18,  15)  are  almost  entirely  un- 
represented in  both  Rig- Veda  and  Avestan,  whereas  they  include 
a  large  number  of  words  in  post-Vedic  literature.  No  Rig-Vedic 
words  belong  to  Class  3,  and  only  four  Avestan  words,  while 
nearly  150  such  examples  are  found  in  later  Sanskrit.  In  Classes 
2,  4,  5,  6  and  12  vant  is  in  classical  Sanskrit  added  to  a  very 
large  number  of  past  passive  participles,  of  which  Rig- Veda  and 
Avestan  offer  only  one  example  each.  This  one  example  is  in 


THE   SUFFIXES   MANT  AND    VANT  IN   AVESTAN.  101 

each  language  a  "past  active  participle  in  tavant"  (Class  6) which 
is  very  common  in  post-Vedic.  Class  10  includes  2^  of  all  mant 
and  vant  possessives  in  Sanskrit,  but  is  almost  entirely  unrepre- 
sented in  either  Rig- Veda  or  Avestan.  The  same  condition  exists 
in  Classes  14  and  17.  Thus,  then,  the  Avestan  agrees  with  Rig- 
Veda  in  having  proportionately  more  possessives  in  Classes  1,  2, 
and  7  than  has  the  remainder  of  Sanskrit  literature,  and,  in 
general,  they  adhere  more  closely  to  the  original  meaning  of 
mant  and  vant. 


INDEXES. 


In  the  following  indexes  of  the  mant  and  vant  derivatives  to 
which  reference  has  been  made  in  the  preceding  pages  the  words 
included  in  the  following  paragraphs  have  been  omitted : 

Part  I  (Sanskrit),  Chap,  i,  §§  9,  11,  12,  14,  15,  16; 

Part  II  (Avestan),  Chap,  i,  §§  4,  5. 
The  long  lists  in  these  paragraphs  are  of  merely  statistical  value. 

The  Avestan  index,  however,  includes  all  the  possessives  which 
have  been  used  in  this  study.  A  complete  list  of  the  Sanskrit 
words  may  be  obtained  by  adding  the  examples  in  §  9  (Part  I, 
Chap,  i)  to  those  in  §  14. 


SANSKRIT. 


anqavant 
aksanvdnt    . 
agnivdnt 
dgravant 
aghdvant 
dngirasvant . 
angirovant  . 
anjandvant  . 
atanavant    . 
adrstavant  . 
adhvardvant 
dnasvant 
anuvdky&vant 
antdrvant     . 
dntavant 
aparavdnt    . 


PAGE 

57 

apdsthdvant 

P1.OE 

24 

. 

43 

dpnasvant    . 

.  66,  87 

41,69 

apramattavant 

4 

. 

69 

aplavavant  . 

.    5,  63 

. 

87 

dbaddhavant 

4 

40, 

44,67 

abhivdnt 

.  39,  62 

. 

44 

amardvant  . 

47 

. 

47 

dmavant 

.  61,  86 

. 

68 

arcivdnt, 

41 

. 

66 

arthavant    . 

88 

. 

6,  62 

dvasvadvant 

.  44,  52 

. 

60 

dvasvant 

44 

. 

52,  53 

avdptavant  . 

61 

. 

5 

avidvisdvant 

57 

. 

60 

avyayavant  . 

69 

. 

4,71 

aqitdvant 

47 

. 

57 

agitdvant 

.  47,  64 

103 

104 


INDEXES. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

dgmanvant  . 

55 

ihavant 

6 

agmavant     . 

55 

Irsyavant 

.  52,  53 

agvamedhdvant 

73 

want            .        52, 

71,  89,  98 

dgvavant 

.         .39,  47 

dgvdvant 

47 

uktavant      .         . 

65 

asthwdnt 

47 

ukthavant    . 

67 

ahwant 

.  49,  51 

udumJbardvant      . 

48 

uttardvant   . 

4,  48,  69 

dkdravant    . 

.     38,  42,  67 

utpaldvant 

48 

dgamavant  . 

72 

uteangavant 

74 

ddambaravant 

69 

udanvdnt     . 

.  42,  58 

dtithyavant  . 

73 

udayavant  . 

64 

dtmanvdnt    . 

55 

udaravant   . 

68 

atmavant 

55 

upardgavcLnt 

64 

ddaravant   . 

66 

ubhayavant 

4 

dditydvant  . 

68 

urasvariL      .         . 

69 

dplnavant    . 

.     6,  62 

urugdyavant         . 

66 

dpydnavant 

62 

usmavant 

.  61,  75 

dmiksavant 

.  52,  53 

drambhqnavant 

73 

udhasvant    . 

.  47,  67 

drseyavqnt  . 

66 

alamJbanavank^ 

72 

rkvant 

.  42,  44 

alapavant    . 

...         61 

fksavant 

.  82,  88 

dgirvant 

45 

rtavant 

87 

dsanjanavant 

...         71 

rtviyavant    . 

.    4,  48 

dsanvdnt 

73 

rtviydvant    . 

.  48,  71 

dsecanavant 

73 

rslvant 

.  48,  67 

dstaranavant 

68 

iddvant 

66 

etdvant        .  52,71, 

78,  86,  89 

indravant    . 

.     47,  58,  67 

etivant 

.     6,  39 

indrasvqnt  . 

41,  47,  58,  71 

Gnasvant 

86 

indrdvant     . 

.     47,  58,  67 

ehivant 

39 

indriydvant 

48 

indriydvant 

48 

ojasvant 

86 

isdvant 

.    5,  57 

dmanvant     . 

66 

istavant 

47 

omydvant     . 

66 

INDEXES. 


105 


PAGE 

PAGE 

kdmvant 

.     5,  43 

garanavant           .  • 

72 

kakudvant    . 

42 

gartanvdnt 

58 

kakubhvant 

45 

garbhavant 

.  47,  67 

kakswant     . 

.  54,  59 

gdtravant     . 

67 

kaksydvant 

.  54,  59 

girvant 

45 

kanakavant 

48 

gduravavant 

39 

kanakdvant 

48 

kaplvant 

47 

ghfnwant    .  • 

48 

kdmvant 

43 

ghosava/nt    .  • 

69 

karavant 

66 

karundvant 

'  .         .         71 

cakravant    .  • 

87 

kdndavant  . 

68 

cankramdvant       .  - 

72 

kdrakavant 

66 

candrdvant 

48 

kimvant 

.    5,  43 

campakavant 

48 

kiqardvant   . 

63 

campakdvant  • 

48 

kivant  .   52, 

71,  78,  79,  86,  89 

campdvant 

63 

kumudavant 

54 

cdrmanvant 

55 

Mmudvant 

54 

carmavant  . 

.  55,  68 

kuqavant 

.  48,  68 

titravant 

87 

kugdvant 

48 

cestdvant 

71 

krtavant 

64 

krgandvant 

48 

chdndasvant 

.  44,  61 

kfyavant 

67 

chandovant 

44 

koqavant 

73 

kriydvant     . 

68 

jagadvcvnt    . 

44 

kliqitavant    . 

61 

jaghnivant  . 

.  39,  62 

ksdmavant  . 

4 

jdnadvant    . 

44 

ksirdvant 

.  61,  62 

jdnivant 

41 

ksudvant 

.      42,  45,  69 

janmavant  . 

55 

ksudhdvant 

69 

jayavant      .         .  - 

.  42,  48 

ksemavant    . 

48 

jaydvant 

48 

ksemdvant    . 

48 

javavant      .  • 

39 

ksditavant    . 

72 

jdmbavant   . 

.  37,  57 

jdmbuvant   . 

.  37,  57 

gandvant     . 

...         69 

jdvant    

.  24,  66 

gatavant 

.     61,  65,  75 

jihvdvant 

72 

106 


INDEXES. 


jlvavant 

PAGE 

39 

devdvant 

PAGE 

.         .         48 

jrmbhdvant 

48 

drapsdvant 

86 

dvdravant    . 

48 

taddgavant 

69 

dvdrdvant    . 

48 

tattvavanb    . 

39 

dvdrvant 

68 

tdpasvant    . 

44 

tapovant 

.  44,  72 

dhdyadvant 

.  44,  54 

tdmasvant    . 

.  44,  87 

dhdrmavant 

55 

tamovant 

44 

dhdmavant  . 

55 

tdrasvant 

.  38,  42 

dhdrdyadvant 

44 

tardmavant 

55 

dhivant 

41 

tdvasvant     . 

32 

dhumavant 

48 

tdvisivant     .         . 

41 

dhumdvant  . 

.  47,  48 

tddrgrupavant 

5 

dhrtavant     . 

.  42,  57 

tdmrdvant 

48 

tdvant           52,  71, 

89,  91,  98 

nadvant 

54 

tuvirdvant   . 

.  52,  53 

ndmasvant  . 

87 

*tuviravavant 

52 

namovrktivant 

39 

Ujasvant 

37,  44,  91 

nayavant 

72 

tejovant 

.  37,  44 

narmavant  . 

55 

toyavant 

68 

ndbhidhdvant 

68 

tyaktavant   . 

.  65,  75 

ndmavant    . 

55 

trivant 

38 

niyamavant 

72 

tristubvant  . 

45 

niytitvant 

60 

tvagvant 

44 

nirdhavavant 

.         .         49 

tvavant          51,  70, 

79,  86,  89 

nirdhdvant 

49 

niruktavant 

74 

ddksindvant 

.  50,  66 

niruddhavant 

65 

dandapdrusyavant 

66 

nirvikdravant 

63 

darwant 

42 

ni&iddhavant 

.  64,  65 

ddnavant 

66 

vtiddvant 

71 

ddmanvant 

66 

nilavant 

.    4,71 

ddhavant 

.  64,  75 

nrvdnt 

.  42,  71 

durgdvant   . 

48 

durvdvant    .         . 

73 

pakvavant    . 

.     39,  64,  65 

devdvant      .         . 

39,  48,  86 

pdtivant 

41 

INDEXES. 


107 


padmavant 

PAGE 

.  48,  49 

prgnivant     . 

PAGE 

42 

padmdvant  . 

.  48,  49 

pfsadvant    .          . 

44,  63,  71 

paravant 

4,  49,  71 

posydvant    . 

.    4,49 

paragvant    . 

74 

prakdravant 

66 

pdrasvant    . 

74 

pranatavant 

.  60,  61 

pardkramavant     . 

73 

prativant 

6 

paravant 

.  49,  66 

pratigdkhavant 

.  52,  53 

pdrivant 

39 

prattavant 

65 

parihdravant 

72 

pradandavant 

66 

paryastavant 

63 

pradharsitavant    . 

63 

parvavant    . 

.  39,  55 

pramattavant 

4 

pavamdnavant 

67 

prdvant       .         . 

6 

pdjasvant    . 

.  56,  87 

pravrttavant 

65 

pdtaldvant  . 

49 

prasthavant 

.  48,  49 

pddukavant 

.  52,  53 

prasthdvant    . 

.  48,  49 

pdmavant    . 

55 

prasthitavant 

65 

pdrddvant   . 

49 

prdnaddvant 

.  52,  63 

picindavant 

68 

prdnaddvant 

.  52,  63 

pidakdvant 

49 

prdnavant   . 

.  38,  42 

pitrvant 

42 

pr&tivant 

38 

pitrydvant  . 

49 

premavant  . 

48,  49,  55 

pipisvant 

33 

premdvant  . 

48,  49,  55 

pippaldvant 

49 

prositavant 

61 

punsavant   . 

57 

plavavant    . 

39 

ptinsvant      .         . 

57 

putrdvant    . 

87 

phanavant 

49 

purdvant 

49 

phandvant 

49 

purudvant  . 

59 

puronuvdkyavant 

.  52,  53 

bandhuvant 

42 

puskardvant 

49 

barhdndvant 

49 

pustdvant    .         . 

.  24,  49 

bdhuvant 

42 

puspavant   . 

49 

btidhanvant 

58 

puspdvant   . 

49 

brhddvant   . 

45 

purvavant    . 

39 

brhaspativant 

42 

pusanvdnt   . 

.  43,  67 

brdhmanvant 

43,  49,  55 

prthupdjavant 

56 

brahmavant     .      , 

48,  49,  55 

108 


INDEXES. 


brahmdvant          .      48, 

PAGE 

49,  55 

mdhindvant 

PAGE 

.     5,  50 

muktivant 

.  .      .         .         42 

bhdgavant   . 

59 

munlvant 

.         .         .         50 

bhangurdvant 

49 

mrgavant 

50 

bhangurdvant 

5.  49 

mrgavant 

50 

bhadravant 

48,49 

medasvant 

44 

bhadrdvant 

48,49 

medovant 

44 

bhdvant 

59 

bhdvant 

42 

yavyavant 

50 

bhdvavant   . 

39 

ydqasvant 

.  42,  44 

bhidvant 

6,38 

yagovant 

.  .       .         .  42,  44 

bhisagvant  .         .         . 

44 

ydjydvant 

53 

bhuvadvant 

45,  66 

ydtumdvant 

.  59,  81 

bhogavdnt    . 

49,  51 

ydbhavant 

62 

bhogdvant    . 

49,  51 

ydvant 

52,  71,  79,  86,  89 

yuvdvant 

52,  70,  89,  98 

majjanvdnt 

87 

yusmdvant 

.  51,  70,  79,  86,  89 

manlvant     .          .     42, 

49,  51 

mativant 

42 

raksitavant 

63 

maddvant    . 

49 

rdtnavant 

.  48,  50 

manovant     . 

44 

ratndvant 

.  .      .         .  48,  50 

manthivant 

47,  55 

rayivdnt 

.     41,  86,  92 

manthwant 

47,  55 

raqmivdnt 

.  .      .         .  42,  50 

marutvant     34,  37,  40, 

41,  67 

rapriivdnt 

.  .      .         .         50 

malayavant 

49 

rdjanvant 

42,  55,  68,  72 

malayavant 

49 

rdjavant 

.         .         .  55,  72 

maqakdvant 

49 

rupavant 

42 

mahadvant 

45 

revdnt 

.     41,  86,  92 

mdhasvant 

85 

rocandvant 

86 

mahimdvant 

49,  55 

rodhasvant 

.         .         44 

mdhisvant     33,  41,  58, 

85,  86 

rodhovaut 

.  .      .         .         44 

mdnsanvdnt 

58 

romanvant 

55 

mdnsdvant  .          . 

58 

romavant 

.  .      .         .         55 

mdyavant    . 

52,  53 

mdyavant    .          . 

52,  53 

lavavant 

.  .      .         .         39 

mdvant          51,  70,  79, 

86,  89 

lasanavant 

50 

INDEXES. 


109 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Idlavant 

38,  42,  52,  53 

visdvant 

86 

Idmavant 

55 

visuvdnt 

.     5,  50 

lohavant 

71 

visuvdnt 

.     5,  50 

visnuvant     . 

.     40,  41,  67 

vanqdvant    . 

50 

wranavant 

51 

vacandvant 

50 

vlrdvant 

42 

vajrivant 

57 

vlry&vant     . 

.         .         50 

vddhanvant 

58 

virydvant 

50 

vanakapivant 

50 

vrkkdvant    . 

50 

vdnanvant   . 

.  54,  58 

vrjinavant  . 

.  50,  57 

vayunavant 

50 

vrjinwa/nt    . 

.  50,  57 

vayunavant 

50 

vfsnydvant 

.-.         50 

varandvant 

50 

vetdvant 

50 

vdrmanvant 

55 

vetasvant      .  • 

54 

varmavant 

55 

vetravant 

.  48,  51 

varsmavant 

55 

vetrdvant     .  . 

.  -      .48,  51 

vdsuvant 

.     42,  48,  50 

vegavant 

68 

vastravant   . 

87 

vesavant 

67 

vahnivant    . 

.  39,  42 

vydpdditavant 

65 

vdgvant 

.  42,  44 

vyomavant  . 

56 

vdjinwant    . 

58 

vdtavant 

50 

qdmvant 

.    5,  43 

vdtdvant 

50 

gdktivant 

.  41,  51 

vidyutvant    . 

.  42,  45 

qatdvant 

.     45,  50,  86 

vidyudvant 

.  42,  45 

gatdvant 

50 

vibhavavant 

.  39,  42 

gdmvant 

43 

vibhdvant 

4 

qarddvant    . 

.  54,  68 

vimrdvant    . 

44 

garavant 

.  48,  51 

vivakvdnt 

30 

gardvant 

.  48,  51 

vivant 

.  t       .     6,  38 

qarmavant   . 

56 

vivasvant 

30,  32,  84,  87 

garyandvant 

52 

vivdsvant 

.     32,  84,  87 

garydnavant 

.  52,  53 

vigvddevavant 

39 

qavasdvant 

.  24,  57 

viqvddevydvant 

.     5,  50 

gdgvant 

30 

viqvavant 

.  39,  50 

gdtavant 

45 

vigvavant 

50 

qdradvant    . 

54 

110 


INDEXES. 


gipravant     . 

PAGE 

.  53,  58 

sdhasvant     . 

PAGE 

.  56,  57 

giprinwant 

58 

sahdvant 

5,  51,  56 

gimidvant     . 

58 

sdhdvant      . 

.  51,  56 

gimwant 

58 

sddhuvant    . 

42 

glrsanvdnt  . 

56 

sdbhravant 

42 

glrsavant 

56 

sdmanvant 

56 

gueivant 

48 

sdmavant     . 

56 

gundvant 

51 

sidhmavant 

56 

gundvant 

51 

sidhrakdvant 

51 

gubhravant 

.     37,  42,  50 

slldmdvant 

.  59,  81 

gubhravant 

.       5,  50,  63 

sukhavant    . 

51 

gnvant 

42 

sukhdvant    . 

.  51,  52 

grutavant     . 

.  48,  51 

sutavant 

51 

grutavant     . 

.  48,  51 

sutdvant 

51 

glesmavant  . 

56 

suvesavant   . 

67 

gvdnvant 

86 

suryavant    . 

,  38,  42 

gvavant 

56 

srkavant 

51 

srkdvant 

51 

sacandvant 

.  24,  50 

srgdvant 

51 

sattvavant    . 

39 

srgdvant 

51 

sddvant 

45 

somavant     . 

.     49,  51,  86 

saptarsivant 

42 

somdvant 

.  48,  51 

saptavant    . 

56 

sosmavant    . 

56 

sdptlvant 

51 

sdukhavant 

52 

samdvant     . 

50 

stanayitnuvant 

.  38,  42 

samidvant   . 

45 

sthdmavant 

56 

samrddhivarib 

42 

sphurjdvant 

51 

sarasvativant 

.  52,  53 

sragvant 

44 

sdrasvafivant 

52 

srugvant 

.  42,  44 

sdrasvant     . 

87 

svatvavant    . 

39 

sarpfevant   . 

42 

svddhitwant 

51 

sarvavant     . 

.  39,  51 

svarddvant 

44 

sarvdvant    . 

51 

svcLmant 

86 

salilavant    . 

.  48,  51 

svdvant 

.     39,  42,  86 

salilavant    . 

.  48,  51 

sahasdvant 

.  24,  57 

hansavant    . 

.  49,  51 

sahdsravant 

86 

hansdvant   . 

.  49,  51 

INDEXES. 


Ill 


hdritvant 

PAGE 

.  41,  54 

dgumant 

PAGE 

.        4,  63,  70 

hdrivant 

38,  41,  51 

havavant 

39 

udanimdnt 

58 

havyavddvant 

44 

upakrtimant 

66 

hdstavant     . 

.  86,  97 

upapattimant 

64 

hitavant 

.  51,  65 

upcdabdhimant 

.  61,  72 

hitdvant 

.  51,  65 

ulkusimant 

67 

himdvant 

.  49,  51 

himdvant 

.  49,  51 

rgmant 

.  42,  44 

hiranyavant 

54,  59,  87 

rddhimant 

66 

hiranvant    . 

.  54,  59 

rbhumdnt     . 

63 

hfslvant 

51 

hemavant     . 

56 

osadhimant 

48 

hlddikdvant 

51 

hlddukdvant 

51 

kakudmant 

.     36,  42,  45 

kakunmant 

45 

angwmdnt    . 

57 

kakummant 

45 

aksimant 

61 

kacchumant 

69 

agnimdnt     . 

.  41,  69 

kdnvamant 

.     37,  39,  73 

anddimant 

.     5,  63 

kaqerumant 

48 

dpacitimant 

64 

kagerumant 

48 

aptumdnt     .         . 

62 

krdtumant   . 

87 

apsumdnt     .         . 

.  59,  93 

krldumdnt   . 

.    4,  63 

abhistimdnt 

66 

kruncdmant 

48 

amrtabuddhimant 

5 

ksdmimant 

55 

aranimant 

73 

ksunmant     . 

.  42,  45 

artimdnt 

41 

ksumdnt 

87 

cdimant 

68 

ganimant     . 

55 

alpasvamant 

39 

gatimant 

.  62,  67 

agvimcint 

.  55,  63 

gariitmant   . 

.  36,  37 

astimant 

.     6,  61 

gudalinmant 

45 

ahimant 

.  49,  51 

gdmant 

.     39,  69,  87 

gdurimant   . 

52 

dkdramant  . 

.  38,  42 

dyusmant     . 

.  36,  43 

cdksusmant 

.     36,  43,  73 

112 


INDEXES. 


dtimant 

PAGE 

88 

parisrunmajd 

PAGE 

45 

cirayusmant 

.     5,  63 

pargumant  . 

49 

cetomant 

44 

paqumdnt    . 

39 

pitrmdnt 

42 

janimant 

41 

purorfinmant 

44 

jayamant     . 

.  42,  48 

pustimdnt    . 

39 

jydtisimant 

58 

prgnimant    . 

42 

prajdtimant 

.  87,  88 

tantumant    . 

.  69,  70 

prdnamdnt 

.  38,  42 

tarasmant    . 

.  38,  42 

prdnimant 

55 

tdvmmant    . 

.  41,  58 

tvasfimant   . 

57 

bdndhumant 

42 

tvastumant  . 

57 

barhismant 

.  73,  93 

tvdstrmant  . 

57 

bdhumdnt    . 

42 

tvastrimant 

57 

brhaspatimant 

42 

tvastnmant 

57 

tvisimant 

48 

bhdnumdnt 

.     63,  87,  89 

tvi»imant 

48 

bhdmant 

42 

bhrdtrmant 

.  87,  88 

dandimant 

55 

darlmant 

42 

manimant    . 

.     42,  49,  51 

dasmdnt 

.  33,  38 

matimant     . 

42 

divitmant     . 

4 

mddhumant 

6,  63,  87 

drgimant 

61 

marutmant 

41 

mahixmant  . 

.     41,  54.  58 

dhlmant 

41 

mldhusmant 

.  24,  36 

dhunimant 

4 

muktimant   . 

42 

dhrtamant   . 

37,  38,  42,  57 

dhrtimant    . 

.     37,  38,  57 

ydvamant     . 

37,  39,  40,  68 

dhenumdnt 

.  63,  66 

yagomant     . 

.  42,  44 

dhrdjimant 

49 

ydtumdnt     . 

.     59,  72,  87 

nrmant 

42 

rayimdnt 

.     39,  41,  86 

nyubjimant 

.     4,57 

ragmimant 

.  42,  50 

rdjamant 

.  37,  42 

patimant 

41 

rdjimant 

61 

INDEXES. 


113 


rukmant 

PAGE 

44 

gocismant     . 

PAGE 

58 

rimmant 

.  44,  63 

grlmant 

42 

riipamant    . 

.  37,  42 

sodaqimant            f 

56 

Idlamant 

38,  42,  52,  53 

lumant 

.     6,  62 

saptarsimant 

42 

samrddhimatii 

42 

vapusmant 

63 

sdrpismant 

42 

vallimant 

53 

sdksimant    . 

56 

vdsumant     . 

39,42,48,50,87 

sddhumant 

42 

vastimant 

.  48,  50 

sabhramant 

42 

vahnimant   . 

.  39,  42 

susumdnt     . 

4,  52,  53 

vdnmant 

.     37,  42,  44 

suksmamatimant  . 

.     5,63 

vidyiinmant 

.     36,  42,  45 

suryamant  . 

.  38,  42 

vibhavamant 

.     37,  39,  42 

stanayitnumant     . 

.  38,  42 

vibhumdnt    . 

.     4,  50 

*srugmant  .         . 

.  42,  44 

vibhumdnt    . 

50 

svctmant       . 

42 

virtikmant    . 

.  36,  44 

visnumant    . 

.  41,  63 

hanumant    . 

.  51,  68 

vikutmant    . 

36 

hanumant    ,         . 

51 

wramant 

.  37,  42 

haritmant    . 

41 

harimant 

38,  41,  51 

qaktimant    . 

.  41,  51 

harsumdnt 

59 

qaqimant 

56 

hastimant    . 

56 

gutismanl    . 

58 

hirlmant 

.  24,  51 

qubhramant 

.     37,  42,  50 

AVESTAN. 

aetavant 

78,86,89,91,98 

afnahvant    . 

.  87,  94 

aenahvant    . 

.     86,  95,  99 

afrakaSavant 

.  82,  99 

aojahvant    . 

.  86,  93 

*afrakavant 

78,  82,  100 

aosahvant    . 

99 

afraddrasvant 

94 

ayavant 

.  87,  93 

afrasdhvant 

78,  95,  100 

aiOyejahvant 

94 

afro-urvisvant 

94 

114 


INDEXES. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

afsmainivant 

.     83,  91,  99 

gaomavant 

81,  90,  94 

anupoiffwant 

.  90,  94 

*xraBwant 

.  90,  94 

anusavant    . 

94 

xrvant 

.  90,  94 

amavant 

.  86,  93 

xstdvant 

.  92,  94 

avant      78,  81, 

89,  91,  92,  98 

xsmdvant  79,  86,  88, 

89,  98,  99 

avavant         79, 

81,  89,  92,  98 

xsvastivant 

.  79,  94 

arditivant    . 

93 

X8vipta.vant 

.  78,  94 

ardjahvant 

94 

caxravant    . 

.  87,  94 

arsavant 

.     82,  88,  94 

caOwarzsaOwant    . 

.  79,  94 

arsnavant    . 

.  92,  93 

cavant     78,  79,  86, 

89,  90,  99 

astvant 

94 

cazdahvant 

94 

asnvant 

.  89,  92,  100 

cidravant     . 

.  87,  94 

azinavant 

94 

cistivant 

.  88,  94 

asavant 

.     87,  94,  99 

cydvant      79,  88,  89, 

,91,98,99 

asivant 

94 

want        78,  79,  86, 

89,  91,  99 

a^staiBivant 

.  79,  94 

tafnahvant  . 

94 

ahunavant 

94 

tamahvant    . 

87,  94,  96 

diBivant 

94 

tydryavant 

96 

dBravant 

.  92,  93 

tizinavant    . 

91,  100 

dfrasdhvant 

.   78,  95,  100 

tizvant 

91,  100 

dzantivant    . 

94 

daevavant    . 

.  86,  97 

drdzavant 

91,  100 

daxstavanl 

94 

zrazvant 

.  80,  94 

dasaOavant 

94 

dmavant 

.  86,  93 

daibisvant   . 

95 

ifryejahvant 

.  95,  98 

draosisvant 

97 

isvant 

.     80,  85,  95 

drafsakavant 

.  86,  94 

istavant 

.  90,  93 

drdgvant 

.  92,  97 

utavant 

80,  100 

drvant 

.  92,  97 

urvistravant 

95 

Oamnahvant 

94 

ustanavant 

.  94,  95 

Owayahvant 

94 

ustavant 

.  78,  96 

Owdvant    79,  86,  88, 

89,98,99 

ustdnavant 

94 

6rimi6want 

.       100 

karsivant 

98 

drisaOwant 

.  79,  94 

kdravant 

98 

tbaesahvant 

95 

kvant 

78,  86,  89,  99 

tbisvant 

95 

gaonavant   . 

94 

paemavant  . 

.  81,  90 

INDEXES. 


115 


paityarsavant 

PAGE 

82,  100 

vayavant 

PAGK 

.     82,  91,  95 

pancasaOwant 

.  79,  94 

vard&ahvant 

94 

pavant 

89,  95,  97 

vastravant  . 

.  87,  95 

pairikavant 

.  89,  98 

vdstravant  . 

95 

parznahvant 

95 

vdhrkavant  . 

98 

pasvant 

95 

vyrsOravant 

94 

pdffravant   . 

.  82,  97 

iwdzvant 

95 

pdzahvant    . 

87,  100 

vohunavant 

90 

pysnvant 

.  90,  95 

vohvdvant    . 

.  92,  95 

puffravant   . 

.  87,  95 

vWusavant 

.  91,  97 

bao&ahvant 

95 

vibdradwant 

.  80,  95 

bardzishavant 

.  80,  93 

vlvardzdavant 

.  77,  96 

bdnvant 

.  89,  95 

mvahvant     . 

80,  84,  87,  95 

bdrszavant   . 

.  91,  95 

visaitivant    . 

.  79,  94 

b9zvant 

80,  100 

msavant 

.  86,  94 

brdtravant  .        87, 

88,  93,  94 

vyarsavant 

100 

fracardflwant 

95 

vydvant 

.  92,  95 

frazaintivant 

87,  88,  95 

raevant 

41,  86,  92,  95 

navaitivant 

79 

raoynavant 

95 

nairyym'-hym-vdntivaivt         95 

raocahvant 

94 

ndirivant     . 

.  89,  95 

rao&inavant 

.  86,  95 

ndmahvant 

.  87,  95 

rdmanivant 

.  91,  95 

nivavant 

100 

saokavant    . 

.  77,  97 

mavant        .        79, 

86,  89,  99 

saokmtavant 

.  77,  95 

marzdikavant 

95 

saoeinavant 

95 

mazisvant    . 

85,  86,  95 

satavant 

.     79,  86,  94 

mazgavant 

.  87,  95 

sawhvant 

90,  100 

mdyavant    .        81,  82,  89,  95 

savavant 

95 

mdnBwant 

95 

savahvant    . 

98 

m&davant    . 

95 

sikayakuvafi 

.       100 

myazdavant 

95 

stwdBwant  . 

.     80,  95,  98 

yaoxstavant 

.  90,  94 

stivant 

.       100 

yaoxstivant 

.  90,  94 

spanahvant 

94 

yavant     .      79,  81, 

86,  89,  99 

spdnavant    . 

.     86,  93,  95 

yusmavant  79,  86,  88 

,89,98,99 

spdrazvant    . 

94 

vanaitivant 

94 

zaenahvant 

95 

8 

116 


INDEXES. 


zaranydvant    .    77, 

PAGE 

87,  88,  95 

arsffamant  . 

PAGE 

.  88,  94 

zairimydvant 

77,  88,  95 

ahumant 

78,  89,  94,  96 

zastavant     . 

.  86,  97 

irimant 

.     83,  92,  95 

saetavant     . 

95 

gaomant 

.     81,  87,  94 

haomavant  . 

81,  86,  95 

xratumant  . 

.     87,  90,  94 

haSdnaepcdavant  . 

.  89,  95 

pourumant  . 

.  78,  94 

haptaiOivant 

.  79,  94 

bdnumant    . 

.     87,  89,  95 

havant         .        79, 

89,  98,  99 

frasumant    . 

.  83,  95 

harahuvaM  . 

.  87,  95 

fsumant 

.     77,  87,  95 

haraxvaiM    . 

.  87,  95 

na/ohusmant 

.       100 

harzOravant 

97 

nasumant    . 

96,  100 

hazavravant 

.  79,  86 

maSumant   . 

.  87,  95 

hymvarvitivant 

83 

ydtamant 

.  82,  95 

hymurvisvant 

95 

ydtumant     . 

82,  87,  95,  99 

hunaravant 

95 

vohumant 

.  87,  95 

hvdvant  79,  86,  88, 

89,  98,  99 

vfarumant    . 

95 

hvq,6wavant 

95 

raoxsnvmant 

.     82,  91,  95 

xvanvant 

.  86,  95 

ratumant 

.     78,  95,  96 

x'aranahva'nt 

95 

zaranumant 

95 

xvd0ravant  . 

95 

zarmumant 

95 

xv5nvant 

.  86,  95 

haetumant    . 

95 

qfrasimant  . 

83,  91,  95 

xvaMuma,nt 

.  78,  96 

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